Clinical practice guidelines for optimizing bone health in Korean children and adolescents

The Committee on Pediatric Bone Health of the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology has newly developed evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for optimizing bone health in Korean children and adolescents. These guidelines present recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendations, which includes the quality of evidence. In the absence of sufficient evidence, conclusions were based on expert opinion. These guidelines include processes of bone acquisition, definition, and evaluation of low bone mineral density (BMD), causes of osteoporosis, methods for optimizing bone health, and pharmacological treatments for enhancing BMD in children and adolescents. While these guidelines provide current evidence-based recommendations, further research is required to strengthen these guidelines.

Growth and Bone Mineral Density Changes in Ovariectomized Rats Treated with Estrogen Receptor Alpha or Beta Agonists

Background@#Estrogen controls the pubertal growth spurt, growth plate closure, and accretion of bone mineral density (BMD) of long bones after biding estrogen receptor (ER).There are two subtypes of ER, ERα and ERβ. If each ER subtype has different effects, we may control those actions by manipulating the estrogen binding intensity to each ER subtype and increase the final adult height without markedly reducing BMD or impairing reproductive functions. The purpose of our study was to compare these effects of ERα and ERβ on long bones in ovariectomized rats. @*Methods@#Thirty female rats were ovariectomized and randomly divided into 3 groups. The control, propylpyrazole triol (PPT), and 2,3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile (DPN) groups were subcutaneously injected for 5 weeks with sesame oil, PPT as an ERα agonist, and DPN as an ERβ agonist, respectively. The crown-lump length and body weight were measured weekly.BMD, serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and estradiol were checked before and after 5 weeks of injections. Pituitary GH1 expression levels were determined with quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction, the proximal tibias were dissected, decalcified and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the thicknesses of epiphyseal plates including proliferative and hypertrophic zones were measured in 20-evenly divided sites after 5 weeks of injections. Comparisons for auxological data, serum hormone and pituitary GH1 expression levels, BMD, and epiphyseal plate thicknesses among 3 groups before and after injections were conducted. @*Results@#There was no significant difference in body lengths among 3 groups. The body weights were significantly lower, but, serum GH, pituitary GH1 expression levels, and BMDs were higher in PPT group than the other 2 groups after 5 weeks of injections. There was no significant difference in the thicknesses of the total epiphyseal plate, proliferative, and hypertrophic zone among 3 groups. @*Conclusion@#ERα is more involved in pituitary GH secretion and bone mineral deposition than ERβ. Weight gain might be prevented with the ERα agonist.

Near final height in Korean children referred for evaluation of short stature: clinical utility and analytical validity of height prediction methods

PURPOSE: Predicted adult height (PAH) is often crucial to decision-making about treatment with human growth hormone (GH) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in children with short stature. This study compares final adult height (FAH) with different methods used to determine PAH and assesses the clinical utility and analytical validity of height prediction for children not treated with GH. METHODS: Clinical findings were retrospectively analyzed, and the heights of 44 children (22 males and 22 females) who visited our clinic between August 2006 and June 2017 and reached near final adult height (NFAH) were evaluated. Children treated with GH were excluded. We compared measured NFAH to PAH using the Bayley-Pinneau (BP), Tanner-Whitehouse Mark 2, and Roche-Wainer-Thissen (RWT) methods. RESULTS: Pearson correlation between all 3 prediction methods and NFAH showed high positive correlations in males and females (P < 0.05). The average difference between PAH and NFAH for the BP method (0.4±3.9 cm) was significantly lower than those for the RWT and TW 2 methods in females (P=0.000, analysis of variance). Furthermore, only PAH by the BP method in females was very close to measured NFAH (paired t-test). A Bland-Altman plot verified that 95% of the differences between the PAH and NFAH exist between limits of agreement (mean±1.96 standard deviation). CONCLUSIONS: The BP method is more useful to predict NFAH in females than other methods. Careful attention is still required when using such tools because PAH can be inaccurate. Therefore, a more accurate FAH prediction model for Korean children is needed.

Percentile Distributions of Birth Weight according to Gestational Ages in Korea (2010-2012)

The Pediatric Growth Chart (2007) is used as a standard reference to evaluate weight and height percentiles of Korean children and adolescents. Although several previous studies provided a useful reference range of newborn birth weight (BW) by gestational age (GA), the BW reference analyzed by sex and plurality is not currently available. Therefore, we aimed to establish a national reference range of neonatal BW percentiles considering GA, sex, and plurality of newborns in Korea. The raw data of all newborns (470,171 in 2010, 471,265 in 2011, and 484,550 in 2012) were analyzed. Using the Korean Statistical Information Service data (2010-2012), smoothed percentile curves (3rd-97th) by GA were created using the lambda-mu-sigma method after exclusion and the data were distinguished by all live births, singleton births, and multiple births. In the entire cohort, male newborns were heavier than female newborns and singletons were heavier than twins. As GA increased, the difference in BW between singleton and multiples increased. Compared to the previous data published 10 years ago in Korea, the BW of newborns 22-23 gestational weeks old was increased, whereas that of others was smaller. Other countries' data were also compared and showed differences in BW of both singleton and multiple newborns. We expect this updated data to be utilized as a reference to improve clinical assessments of newborn growth.

Pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion

The complex networks of nutritional, cellular, paracrine, and endocrine factors are closely related with pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion. Important influencing factors include chondrocyte differentiation capacity, multiple molecular pathways active in the growth plate, and growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis activation and epiphyseal fusion through estrogen and its receptors. However, the exact mechanisms of these phenomena are still unclear. A better understanding of the detailed processes involved in the pubertal growth spurt and growth plate closure in longitudinal bone growth will help us develop methods to efficiently promote pubertal growth and delay epiphyseal fusion with fewer adverse effects.

Comparison of growth and pubertal progression in wild type female rats with different bedding types

PURPOSE: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with the endocrine system and therefore affect growth and pubertal progression. The study aim was to compare the growth and pubertal progression in wild-type female rats with different bedding types. METHODS: Twenty 5-week-old female wild-type Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups with different bedding types: one group received wood shaving bedding, while a second group received corncob bedding. We determined crown-rump length and body weight as anthropometric measurements and assessed the serum growth hormone (GH) and estradiol levels. The gh1 mRNA expression levels were compared using quantitative real time transcription polymerase chain reaction. The estrous cycle was evaluated by vaginal smear. RESULTS: The anthropometric measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean relative expression of the gh1 gene was lower in the corncob bedding group than that in the wood shaving group (P=0.768). Meanwhile serum GH and estradiol were increased in the wood shaving bedding group; however this difference was not statistically significant. The time to first estrus and the length of the estrous cycle were increased in the corncob bedding group; the proportion of normal estrous cycles was also decreased. These findings indicate irregularities in the estrous cycle. CONCLUSION: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in corncob bedding might be associated with time to first estrus and length of the estrous cycle. Therefore, the type of bedding should be considered as a factor affecting pubertal progression in rodents.

Intrathyroidal thymic tissue mimicking a malignant thyroid nodule in a 4-year-old child

Intrathyroidal thymic tissue is rare and may be confused with a malignant thyroid nodule because of hyperechoic dots mimicking calcifications. We report the case of a thyroid nodule with malignant ultrasonographic findings in a 4-year-old child, which was confirmed cytologically as ectopic thymic tissue. The sonographic findings of ectopic thymus were similar to those of the thymus; therefore, clinicians should be familiar with ultrasonography findings of normal thymic tissue.

New Korean reference for birth weight by gestational age and sex: data from the Korean Statistical Information Service (2008-2012)

PURPOSE: To construct new Korean reference curves for birth weight by sex and gestational age using contemporary Korean birth weight data and to compare them with the Lubchenco and the 2010 United States (US) intrauterine growth curves. METHODS: Data of 2,336,727 newborns by the Korean Statistical Information Service (2008-2012) were used. Smoothed percentile curves were created by the Lambda Mu Sigma method using subsample of singleton. The new Korean reference curves were compared with the Lubchenco and the 2010 US intrauterine growth curves. RESULTS: Reference of the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles birth weight by gestational age were made using 2,249,804 (male, 1,159,070) singleton newborns with gestational age 23-43 weeks. Separate birth weight curves were constructed for male and female. The Korean reference curves are similar to the 2010 US intrauterine growth curves. However, the cutoff values for small for gestational age (<10th percentile) of the new Korean curves differed from those of the Lubchenco curves for each gestational age. The Lubchenco curves underestimated the percentage of infants who were born small for gestational age. CONCLUSION: The new Korean reference curves for birth weight show a different pattern from the Lubchenco curves, which were made from white neonates more than 60 years ago. Further research on short-term and long-term health outcomes of small for gestational age babies based on the new Korean reference data is needed.

Estrogen receptor alpha polymorphism in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty

PURPOSE: There were a lot of reports regarding associations of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). with many disorders. But, those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) are not known. Our aim is to find out any association between CDGP and ESR1. METHODS: In a total of 27 subjects, we compared 7 CDGP patients with 20 healthy controls with their heights and sexual maturity rates were within normal range. We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms from intron 1 of ESR1 (rs3778609, rs12665044, and rs827421) as candidates, respectively. RESULTS: In genotype analyses, the frequency of G/G genotype at rs827421 in intron 1 of ESR1 was increased in CDGP boys (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: The genetic variation of ESR1 can be a contributing factor of tempo of growth and puberty.

Estrogen receptor alpha polymorphism in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty

PURPOSE: There were a lot of reports regarding associations of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). with many disorders. But, those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) are not known. Our aim is to find out any association between CDGP and ESR1. METHODS: In a total of 27 subjects, we compared 7 CDGP patients with 20 healthy controls with their heights and sexual maturity rates were within normal range. We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms from intron 1 of ESR1 (rs3778609, rs12665044, and rs827421) as candidates, respectively. RESULTS: In genotype analyses, the frequency of G/G genotype at rs827421 in intron 1 of ESR1 was increased in CDGP boys (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: The genetic variation of ESR1 can be a contributing factor of tempo of growth and puberty.

Association of Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor Promoter with Idiopathic Short Stature

The genetic alterations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) are related with the growth of long bone. There were a lot of reports regarding an association of polymorphisms in the VDR promoter with many disorders, but not with idiopathic short stature (ISS). We investigated the association of them with ISS. A total of 50 subjects, including 29 ISS patients and 21 healthy controls with their heights within the normal range was recruited. We selected two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from VDR promoter (rs11568820 at the Cdx-2 binding site upstream of exon 1e and rs4516035 at -1012 upstream of exon 1a) as candidates, respectively. In genotype analysis, the frequency of A/A genotype at the Cdx-2 binding site locus (rs11568820) upstream of exon 1e of VDR was decreased to 6.9% in ISS patients (28.6% in controls) (P = 0.027). The genetic variation at the Cdx-2 binding site of VDR promoter can be a contributing factor of growth of height.

A Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Graves Disease in a Child

Autoimmune diseases are occasionally associated with other autoimmune diseases in the same patients. Graves disease has been associated with systemic rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The diagnosis of Graves disease in patients with SLE is well known, especially in adults, but few case reports have involved children and adolescents. We report a 14-year-old female who presented with Graves disease, proteinuria, arthralgia, decreased complement, and positive antinuclear antibody and who was diagnosed with SLE. Renal biopsy revealed class IV lupus glomerulonephritis. These clinical, laboratory, and histological findings indicate that class IV lupus nephritis may be associated with Graves disease. This possibility should be borne in mind when following patients with Graves disease in order to avoid any delay in the diagnosis and treatment of serious systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE.

A Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Graves Disease in a Child

Autoimmune diseases are occasionally associated with other autoimmune diseases in the same patients. Graves disease has been associated with systemic rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The diagnosis of Graves disease in patients with SLE is well known, especially in adults, but few case reports have involved children and adolescents. We report a 14-year-old female who presented with Graves disease, proteinuria, arthralgia, decreased complement, and positive antinuclear antibody and who was diagnosed with SLE. Renal biopsy revealed class IV lupus glomerulonephritis. These clinical, laboratory, and histological findings indicate that class IV lupus nephritis may be associated with Graves disease. This possibility should be borne in mind when following patients with Graves disease in order to avoid any delay in the diagnosis and treatment of serious systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE.

Erratum: Correction of Nomenclature of Mutations

In the abstract, case description and figure 2, the nomenclature of two mutations was misprinted because of misreading the cDNA nucleotide sequences.

Two cases of female hydrocele of the canal of nuck / 소아과

The processus vaginalis within the inguinal canal forms the canal of Nuck, which is a homolog of the processus vaginalis in women. Incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis causes indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele of the canal of Nuck, a very rare condition in women. Here, we report 2 cases of hydrocele of the canal of Nuck that were diagnosed with ultrasonography in both cases and magnetic resonance imaging in 1 case to confirm the sonographic diagnosis. High ligation and hydrocelectomy were conducted in both patients. In 1 patient, 14 months later, the occurrence of contralateral inguinal hernia was suspected, but did not require surgery. The other patient had a history of surgery for left inguinal hernia 11 months before the occurrence of right hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. In both cases, the occurrence of an inguinal hernia on the contralateral side was noted.

Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene in a Korean Girl with Hereditary Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

Hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. A number of cases had been reported in many countries but not in Korea. We examined a three-year old Korean girl who had the typical clinical features of HVDRR including rickets, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated serum calcitriol level and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The girl and her father were both heterozygous for the 719 C-to-T (I146T) mutation in exon 4, whereas she and her mother were both heterozygous for 754 C-to-T (R154C) mutation in exon 5 of the VDR gene. In this familial study, we concluded that the girl had compound heterozygous mutations in her VDR gene which caused HVDRR. This is the first report of a unique mutation in the VDR gene in Korea.

Regional Analysis on the Incidence of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infant and the Current Situation on the Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Korea, 2009

PURPOSE: Recently, the incidence of preterm and low birth weight infants (LBWI) is increasing, even though the birth rate is continuously low in Korea. Despite that change, there continues to be a deficit of beds in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This study is based on the 2009 Korean Statistical Information Service that examined the development of a Korean NICU service and the survival rate of preterm infants by regionally analyzing the rate of total live births, preterm infants, LBWI, and NICU beds in Korea. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service and Korean Statistical Information Service. We confirmed the regional total live birth rate, number of LBWI, and preterm infants and NICU numbers, and all of the results were compared to the average value to determine deficient areas of NICU beds. RESULTS: There were 25,374 (5.7%) preterm infants and 21,954 (4.9%) LBWI in the total number of live births (444,849) in 2009, and regions of high proportion compared to the mean value were Busan, Daegu, and Ulsan. Total NICU beds totaled 1,284, and regions of high rates preterm infants and LBWI per 1 NICU bed compared to the mean value were Incheon, Daegu, Ulsan, etc. The NICU holding rate was 87.5% (1,284/1,468), which was increased from 2005. However, there were still shortages of 184 NICU beds (12.5%), especially in Gyeonggi-do, which lacked 157 beds. CONCLUSION: High risk neonates difficult to transfer, and they need immediate and continuous treatment. As a result, a foundation of well-balanced, national NICU regionalization is necessary. This study suggested that more NICU facilities must be implemented, and clinicians should realize the continuing deficiency of NICU beds in cities and provinces.

The Growth and Pubertal Development in Female Mice with Tissue-specific Knock out of Estrogen Receptor / 대한소아내분비학회지

The roles of estrogen and its receptors are important for control of puberty, pubertal growth spurt, epiphyseal fusion of long bone, and accretion of bone mineral content in adolescent. But, the mechanism of functions of them is not fully understood. The female mice with tissue-specific knock out (KO) of estrogen receptor (ER) were generated to determine the roles of them in the growth and reproductive axis. The serum levels of growth hormone (GH) were decreased but the body lengths were not in somatotrope-specific ERalpha KO mice compared with wild ones. The onset of puberty was delayed in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron-specific ERalpha KO mice. The reproductive axis was disturbed in gonadotrope-specific ERalpha KO mice. Additional studies are required to evaluate the various roles of estrogen and its receptors in growth and pubertal development. Future works will focus on the phenomes of tissue-specific KO of ERbeta or aromatase in mice, other animal models, and in vitro or vivo studies of ER agonists or antagonists.

Recent Trends in Neonatal Mortality in Very Low Birth Weight Korean Infants: In Comparison with Japan and the USA

With regard to the outcome of intensive neonatal care, one of the most important concerns in neonatology is the mortality rate of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI; birth weight < 1,500 g) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI; birth weight < 1,000 g). The present study was conducted to analyze and compare the mortality of VLBWI and ELBWI and neonatal care among Korean, Japanese, and American newborns. In Korea, the survival rates of VLBWI have increased significantly; they were 31.8% in the early 1960s, 65.8% in the early 1990s, 77.5% in 2002, 84.7% in 2007, and 85.7% in 2009. The survival rates of ELBWI have also increased; they were 8.2% in the early 1960s, 37.4% in the early 1990s, 56.1% in 2002, 67.7% in 2007, and 71.8% in 2009. The survival rates of VLBWI and ELBWI have significantly improved over the past 50 yr in Korea. However, the Korean survival rates of VLBWI and ELBWI are still lower than for similar groups in Japan and the USA. To achieve better outcomes that reach the level of these countries, the organization of perinatal care centers, nationwide neonatal perinatal research networks, and regionalization are needed in Korea.

Giant Brain Abscess in a Neonate: Good Outcome with Single Transfontanelle Aspiration and Antibiotic Therapy

Brain abscesses in neonates are extremely rare and usually occur in patients with certain risk factors. A 1-month-old boy presented at the hospital with fever and irritability. As a result of preterm delivery and low birth weight, he had a history of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Neuroimaging revealed a large, space-occupying lesion in both frontal lobes, which was suspected to be an abscess with the midline shifting to the right. With a single aspiration and abscess drainage along with concurrent prolonged parenteral antibiotic therapy, the patient showed an excellent treatment outcome with normal development. The focus will be placed on minimally invasive surgical management as well as positive outcomes.