A Case of Small Bowel Fistulas Caused by Multiple Magnet Ingestion: Usefulness of Ultrasonography

Foreign body ingestion is a common problem in the pediatric population and the majority of such cases occur between the ages of six months and three years. Most objects pass uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract; however, ingestion of multiple magnets can cause serious gastrointestinal complications through interaction with each other across the bowel wall. In these situations, radiologic evaluation is imperative for proper treatment. This is a case report on ingestion of 32 magnets in a 10-year-old boy. We diagnosed a small bowel fistula caused by ingestion of multiple magnets using sonography, which showed hyperechoic magnetic foreign bodies attached together penetrating the thickened neighbouring jejunum.

Mammographic Changes in Postmenopausal Women: Comparative Effects between Continuous Combined Hormone and Single Estrogen Replacement Therapy

PURPOSE: As the use of hormone replacement therapy for the menopausal women increases, some caution is advised, since there is an increased risk of breast cancer. Accordingly, the importance of regular mammography has been addressed. This cross-sectional study analyzed the effects of different hormone therapies on mammographic density. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven postemenopausal women who had completed one year of hormone therapy and had undergone follow-up mammography, were divided into two groups : Group I : continuous conjugated equine estrogen, 0.625 mg, plus continuous medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg (n=48), Group II : continuous conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg (n=19). The mammograms were read by two radiologists. RESULTS: With regard to the radiologists involved, interobserver reliability (kappa) was 0.70 and intraobserver reliability (kappa) was 0.51 and 0.67. Before hormone therapy, factors related to decreased mammographic density were age and number of full term pregnancies (p<0.05). After one year of hormone therapy, body fat showed a significant increase (p<0.05), but in spite of this, increased mammographic density induced by hormone therapy remained significantly high (p<0.05). Compared with Group II, Group I showed a significant increase in mammographic density (p<0.05). In Group I, mammographic density increased from P2 to DY pattern in two cases, but there was no such change in Group II. CONCLUSION: The increase of mammographic density seen in Group II was much more significant statistically than that seen in Group I. The mammograms of women who have undergone continuous combined hormone therapy should therefore be interpreted very cautiously.