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The clinical characteristics and prognoses of acromegaly vary among patients. Assessment of current and novel predictors can lead to multilevel categorization of patients, allowing integration into new clinical guidelines and a reduction in the increased morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Recent advancements in multiomics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and radiomics, have offered new opportunities to unravel the complex pathophysiology of acromegaly. This review comprehensively explores the emerging role of multiomics approaches in elucidating the molecular landscape of acromegaly. We discuss the potential implications of multiomics data integration in the development of novel diagnostic tools, identification of therapeutic targets, and the prospects of precision medicine in acromegaly management. By integrating diverse omics datasets, these approaches can provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms, facilitate the identification of diagnostic biomarkers, and identify potential therapeutic targets for precision medicine in the management of acromegaly.
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Objective@#Even though studies using machine learning on sleep-wake states have been performed, studies in various conditions are still necessary. This study aimed to examine the performance of the prediction model of locomotor activities on sleep-wake states using machine learning algorithms. @*Methods@#The processed data using moving average of locomotor activities were used as predicting features. The sleep-wake states were used as true labels. The prediction models were established by machine learning classifiers such as support vector machine with radial basis function (SVM-RBF), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), naïve Bayes, and random forest (RF). The prediction model was evaluated by a six-fold cross validation. @*Results@#The SVM-RBF and RF showed acceptable performance within a window of moving average from 480 to 1,200 seconds. The highest accuracy (0.869) was shown by the RF at the interval of 480 seconds. Meanwhile, the highest area under the curve (0.939) was shown by LDA at the interval of 870 seconds. @*Conclusion@#This study suggested that the prediction model on sleep-wake state using machine learning could show an improvement of the model performance when using moving average with raw data. The prediction model using locomotor activity can be useful in research on sleep-wake state.
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Objective@#It is necessary to identify the mental health types of young women considering the importance of the mental health during the peripartum period. This study aimed to classify the mental health types in a community sample of young women with pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period. @*Methods@#A total of 293 young women during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period were included in this study. The clinical characteristics of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and quality of life were assessed. The clinical characteristics of the subject were classified by cluster analysis and compared by analysis of variance. @*Results@#From the cluster analysis, the subjects were classified into three groups. Cluster 1 showed significantly lower depression and anxiety and higher quality of life than those of cluster 2 and 3. Cluster 2 demonstrated significantly higher depression and anxiety and lower quality of life than those of cluster 3 and 1. Cluster 3 represented the intermediate levels between cluster 2 and 1. @*Conclusion@#This study suggested that young women during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or the postpartum period might be in a good mental health group, a high-risk group requiring active monitoring, or a group in need of treatment. By monitoring mental health, the groups with high risk or requiring treatment could be discovered and proper management for prevention or improvement of mental health and quality of life can be provided.
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Objective@#Face-to-face evaluation is the most important in psychiatric evaluation, but smart healthcare, including non-face-to-face evaluation, can be beneficial considering the situation in which face-to-face evaluation is limited or the preventive aspect of mental illness. In this paper, we aimed to check whether mental health screening tests have the same significance as paper-based tests even when collected through mobile applications. @*Methods@#A smart mental healthcare screening test was conducted on the 1,327 community subjects. We measured two indicators of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale, PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7) to check mental health conditions. @*Results@#The average Cronbach’s alpha value of the PHQ-9 questionnaire was good at 0.870. As a result of PHQ-9’s principal component analysis, one component with an eigenvalue of 1 or more was identified, which is suitable to be described as a single factor. The average Cronbach’s alpha value of the GAD-7 was 0.919. The structural validity of the GAD-7 was confirmed through principal component analysis. @*Conclusion@#Our results show that PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales performed through mobile applications can have the same meaning as paper-based tests. Surveys using a tablet PC, or smartphone application can monitor residents’ mental health and accumulate data. Based on these data, smart mental health management can check the mental health of residents and treat mental illness in connection with medical services.
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Objective@#The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 genotype with cognition, brain volume, glucose metabolism, and amyloid deposition in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). @*Methods@#This is cross-sectional study of 69 subjects with AD. All subjects were divided into carriers and non-carriers of the e4 allele. Forty APOE e4 carriers and 29 APOE e4 non-carriers underwent neuropsychological, structural magnetic resonance imaging, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans (PET) and [18F]florbetaben amyloid PET. Analysis of co-variance was conducted to compare the differences on cognition, brain volume, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition between APOE e4 carriers and non-carriers after controlling demographics. @*Results@#APOE e4 carriers had 50% lower scores of Seoul Verbal Learning Test (delayed recall) compared to non-carriers (0.88±1.65 vs. 1.76±1.75, p<0.05). However, APOE e4 carriers performed better on other cognitive tests than non-carriers (Korean version of Boston Naming Test [11.04±2.55 vs. 9.66±2.82, p<0.05], Rey Complex Figure Test [25.73±8.56 vs. 20.15±10.82, p<0.05], and Stroop test [color response] [48.28±26.33 vs. 31.56±27.03, p<0.05]). APOE e4 carriers had slightly smaller hippocampal volume than non-carriers (3.09±0.38 vs. 3.32±0.38, p<0.05), but greater total brain cortical thickness (1.45±1.55 vs. 1.37±1.24, p<0.05). Amyloid deposition did not differ significantly between APOE e4 carriers and non-carriers, and no signifi-cant difference in glucose metabolism was found between groups. @*Conclusion@#We found that APOE e4 genotype is associated with cognition, brain volume in AD, suggesting that APOE e4 genotype could play an important role in the underlying pathogenesis of AD.
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Objectives@#Schizophrenia (SPR) is the most devastating mental illness that causes severe deterioration in social and occupational functioning, but, the aetiology remains unknown. The aim was to identify patterns of association and segregation for genetic variants and to identify the genes and signalling pathways that determine the risk of developing SPR, through a family-based Genome-wide association study. @*Methods@#We have recruited 27 probands(with SPR) with their parents and siblings whenever possible. DNA was extracted from blood sampling of 58 individuals in 27 families and analysed in an Illumina core exome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A family-based association test was used to derive SNP association values across all chromosomes. @*Results@#Although none of the final 800,000 SNPs reached the genome-wide significant threshold of 5×10-8 , the most significant 3 SNPs were within the 10-5 -10-7 . @*Conclusions@#This confirms that SPR is not monogenic but results as a consequence of interactions between multiple host genes and possibly also environmental factors. The present approach provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying SPR and raises the possibility of identifying individuals at risk of acquiring this condition. In this study, several possible susceptibility genes have been identified that are linked to a range of different pathways, which could reflect the mind-body interaction that is included in the psychiatric genomics consortium.
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We report a case of subacute psychotic symptoms in a patient with germ cell tumor (GCT). The 32-year-old male patient showed progressive psychotic symptoms with diagnosis of GCT. His psychotic symptoms included delusions of reference and persecution. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and laboratory examinations were performed to evaluate any other causes. The clinical, neuroimaging, and laboratory review in this case suggested that the progressively developed psychotic symptoms that led to chronic deterioration were caused by the GCT. This is the case report in which subacute atypical psychotic symptoms in his thirties could develop from a GCT based on previous basic research findings showing the correlations of psychotic symptoms with GCT although it has the limitation of so early speculation.
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Background@#Several studies support the effectiveness and tolerability of virtual reality (VR) interventions in the psychiatric field. This study aimed to examine changes of cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs and to investigate the difference in performance according to clinical characteristics. @*Methods@#Thirty subjects aged >55 years participated in the study. The clinical characteristics of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, quality of life, and cognition were assessed. Cognitive performance in VR-assisted mental health promotion programs was compared between the clusters classified by clinical characteristics. @*Results@#Cluster analysis classified the subjects into three groups. In Cluster 1, the Module 3 training score was significantly different before and after VR performance. In Cluster 2, significant differences were observed in the Module 1 training score, the Module 2 training score, the Module 2 defense failure score, and the Module 3 training score.In Cluster 3, a significant difference was observed in the Module 3 training score. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study suggest that VR performance might differ according to clinical characteristics. A cognitive training strategy using VR has to be differentially established depending on the characteristics of the community population.
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Background@#Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist quinpirole have been tried as one of drug-induced bipolar animal models. An open-field test is used to assess locomotor activity related to anxiety. Not many studies have analyzed the effects of quinpirole dosages on locomotor activity. The purpose of this study was to look at the locomotor activity of quinpirole-injected mice in an open-field test. @*Methods@#The open-field test was used to observe the locomotor activities of 28 mice. Quinpirole was administrated at 0.05-5 mg/kg and normal saline were used as a control. The Mann-Whitney U-test was employed to compare the locomotor activities in the quinpirole and control groups. @*Results@#Quinpirole-induced locomotor activities reduced as time elapsed during the first 30 minutes following the injection in most mice, then increased or fluctuated in the later 30 minutes. As the dosage was increased, there was a stronger initial inhibition, followed by a rapid and further increase in the last 30 minutes. @*Conclusion@#This study showed the differential effects of quinpirole-induced locomotor activities depending on dosage, and initial suppression of locomotor activities by quinpirole was observed. Additionally, longitudinal observation of more than 1 hour would be required to look into the biphasic pattern of quinpirole in an animal model.
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Objectives@#：This study was aimed to investigate whether 1) sexual dimorphism in subcortical gray matter volumes (GMV) and the length ratio between the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) would be found and 2) 2D:4D would have associated with subcortical GMV in healthy elderly people. @*Methods@#：Sixty-two females aged 70.3±6.3 (mean±SD) years and 23 males aged 70.4±4.9 years were recruited from the Dementia Clinic in the Pusan National University Hospital. The subjects with the clinical dementia rating scale-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) total score greater than 2.0, any psychiatric or neurological disease, or any pathologic lesion on brain MRI other than micro-angiopathy were excluded. The 2D:4D of the left and right hands were measured 3 times each. Volumetric segmentation of T1-weighted MRI scans was done by Freesurfer software (v7.1.1.1). @*Results@#：2D:4Ds of males were smaller than those of females significantly on repeated measures ANOVA. The males’ thalamus, putamen, hippocampus in both hemispheres and the right amygdala were larger than females’. These differences were not significant after controlling for age, education and total intracranial volume (ICV). In the females, the left 2D:4D was negatively correlated with the left hippocampal volume. In the males, 2D:4D was positively correlated with the volumes of ipsilateral or contralateral thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and accumbens. These correlations were not significant after Bonferroni’s correction, except for the right accumbens. @*Conclusions@#：Sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D is preserved in healthy elderly people. There is a significant correlation between the right 2D:4D and GMV of the accumbens in males.
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Objective@#Although previous studies have shown association between anterior corpus callosum (ACC) and various psychotic disorder, the effect of ACC on development on psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of ACC with the development of psychosis in patients with AD. @*Methods@#This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of 241 AD patients. The main outcome measure is the volume of ACC that were measured as regions of interest with magnetic resonance imaging and the FreeSurfer analysis at baseline. Analysis of covariance and Logistic regression analysis conducted to assess the association between the volume of ACC and the presence of psychosis in AD, adjusting for age, education, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes, and total intracranial volume. @*Results@#We found that the volume of ACC is significantly reduced in AD with psychosis (AD+P) compared to AD without psychosis (AD-P) (774.27±142.96 vs. 833.09±142.04, p=0.005). The volume of ACC associated with the presence of psychosis in AD (odds ratio=0.995; 95% confidence interval=0.993-0.997; p=0.006). @*Conclusion@#We have found that reduced volume of ACC in AD+P, suggesting that ACC might play an important role in the underlying pathogenesis of development of psychotic symptoms in AD.
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Objective@#This study examined the volume of choroid plexus across AD without delusion (AD-D), AD with paranoid delusion (AD+PD), and AD with misidentification delusion (AD+MD). @*Methods@#This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of patients with AD. The main outcome measure is the volume of choroid plexus that were measured as regions of interest with magnetic resonance imaging and the FreeSurfer analysis at baseline. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare the differences on the volume of choroid plexus across AD-D, AD+PD, and AD+MD after controlling demographics. @*Results@#There was no volume difference in the both choroid plexus between AD-D and AD+D. However, the volumes of both cho-roid plexus were significantly reduced in AD+MD compared to AD+PD. @*Conclusion@#Our study demonstrates that AD+MD has significantly reduced volumes of choroid plexus compared to AD+PD. These findings suggest that AD+MD and AD+PD may have different pathophysiological mechanisms related to neuroimmune re-sponses in the choroid plexus.
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Background@#The guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene has been associated with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. We investigated the prevalence of GNAS mutations in Korean patients with acromegaly and assessed whether mutation status correlated with biochemical or clinical characteristics. @*Methods@#We studied 126 patients with acromegaly who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2014 at Severance Hospital. We performed GNAS gene analysis and evaluated age, sex, hormone levels, postoperative biochemical remission, and immunohistochemical staining results of the tumor. @*Results@#GNAS mutations were present in 75 patients (59.5%). Patients with and without GNAS mutations showed similar age distribution and Knosp classification. The proportion of female patients was 76.5% and 48.0% in the GNAS-negative and GNAS-mutation groups, respectively (P=0.006). In immunohistochemical staining, the GNAS-mutation group showed higher GH expression in pituitary tumor tissues than the mutation-negative group (98.7% vs. 92.2%, P=0.015). Patients with GNAS mutations had higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels (791.3 ng/mL vs. 697.0 ng/mL, P=0.045) and lower immediate postoperative basal (0.9 ng/mL vs. 1.0 ng/mL, P=0.191) and nadir GH levels (0.3 ng/mL vs. 0.6 ng/mL, P=0.012) in oral glucose tolerance tests. Finally, the GNAS-mutation group showed significantly higher surgical remission rates than the mutation-negative group, both at 1 week and 6 months after surgical resection (70.7% vs. 54.9%, P=0.011; 85.3% vs. 82.4%, P=0.007, respectively). @*Conclusion@#GNAS mutations in GH-secreting pituitary tumors are associated with higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and surgical remission rates and lower immediate postoperative nadir GH levels. Thus, GNAS mutation status can predict surgical responsiveness in patients with acromegaly.
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Objectives@#：A recent study of a European sample implied that the 14 genes previously known to be related with schizophrenia may play little roles. But much work remains before dismissing these genes from their connection to schizophrenia. This is a pilot study for family based association test (FBAT) analysis of estrogen metabolism gene in a Korean population with schizophrenia. @*Methods@#：27 probands with schizophrenia were recruited with their parents and siblings. The subjects were interviewed using Korean versions of diagnostic interview for genetic studies and family interview for genetic studies. We analyzed 2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of ESR1, COMT gene. We performed FBAT and linkage disequilibrium analyses for each individual SNP. @*Results@#：We found a significant SNP of ESR1 gene in chromosome 6 for the qualitative phenotype of schizophrenia. That result was replicated for the quantitative phenotype of apparent onset, apparent onset of psychosis, and first treatment age. We also found a significant SNP of ESR1 gene in chromosome 6 for the quantitative phenotype of any delusions. @*Conclusions@#：Our results show that quantitative traits such as age of onset, any delusions, and any hallucinations could be continuous with qualitative trait in schizophrenia. But we should be very cautious because there are clear limitations in some nominal number of SNPs and the small incomplete pedigrees. In the future, FBAT analyses in families with subtyped schizophrenic probands according to personality, working memory, cognition will facilitate fine mapping analyses for searching candidate genes of schizophrenia.
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Background@#The guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene has been associated with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. We investigated the prevalence of GNAS mutations in Korean patients with acromegaly and assessed whether mutation status correlated with biochemical or clinical characteristics. @*Methods@#We studied 126 patients with acromegaly who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2014 at Severance Hospital. We performed GNAS gene analysis and evaluated age, sex, hormone levels, postoperative biochemical remission, and immunohistochemical staining results of the tumor. @*Results@#GNAS mutations were present in 75 patients (59.5%). Patients with and without GNAS mutations showed similar age distribution and Knosp classification. The proportion of female patients was 76.5% and 48.0% in the GNAS-negative and GNAS-mutation groups, respectively (P=0.006). In immunohistochemical staining, the GNAS-mutation group showed higher GH expression in pituitary tumor tissues than the mutation-negative group (98.7% vs. 92.2%, P=0.015). Patients with GNAS mutations had higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels (791.3 ng/mL vs. 697.0 ng/mL, P=0.045) and lower immediate postoperative basal (0.9 ng/mL vs. 1.0 ng/mL, P=0.191) and nadir GH levels (0.3 ng/mL vs. 0.6 ng/mL, P=0.012) in oral glucose tolerance tests. Finally, the GNAS-mutation group showed significantly higher surgical remission rates than the mutation-negative group, both at 1 week and 6 months after surgical resection (70.7% vs. 54.9%, P=0.011; 85.3% vs. 82.4%, P=0.007, respectively). @*Conclusion@#GNAS mutations in GH-secreting pituitary tumors are associated with higher preoperative insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and surgical remission rates and lower immediate postoperative nadir GH levels. Thus, GNAS mutation status can predict surgical responsiveness in patients with acromegaly.
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Objectives@#：This study aimed to examine the validity scales of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Predicting premature termination and treatment duration in psychiatric outpatients. @*Methods@#：The MMPI–2 was administered to 202 patients with psychiatric medication, and its data converted to MMPI-2-RF was used for analysis. An independent t-test used to determine whether there was a difference in validity scales between premature termination group and treatment continued group. Then, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the degree of effect on premature termination. Moreover, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between treatment duration and validity scales. @*Results@#：The premature termination group showed higher score in variable response inconsistency (Vrin-r), adjustment validity (K-r) and lower score in infrequent responses (F-r) compared to the treatment continued groups. In logistic regression analysis, however, none of MMPI-2-RF validity scales predicted premature termination. Also, it was found that higher K-r score was associated with shorter treatment duration. @*Conclusion@#：The study showed that the MMPI-2-RF validity scales can predict whether to continue medication and treatment. Therefore, it is expected that more thorough studies of the attitudes toward treatment with respect to the validity scales provides the opportunity to find patients at high risk of premature treatment prior to medication and to strengthen their motivation for treatment, thereby leading to more effective and lasting treatment.
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Objectives@#：This study aimed to examine the validity scales of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Predicting premature termination and treatment duration in psychiatric outpatients. @*Methods@#：The MMPI–2 was administered to 202 patients with psychiatric medication, and its data converted to MMPI-2-RF was used for analysis. An independent t-test used to determine whether there was a difference in validity scales between premature termination group and treatment continued group. Then, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the degree of effect on premature termination. Moreover, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between treatment duration and validity scales. @*Results@#：The premature termination group showed higher score in variable response inconsistency (Vrin-r), adjustment validity (K-r) and lower score in infrequent responses (F-r) compared to the treatment continued groups. In logistic regression analysis, however, none of MMPI-2-RF validity scales predicted premature termination. Also, it was found that higher K-r score was associated with shorter treatment duration. @*Conclusion@#：The study showed that the MMPI-2-RF validity scales can predict whether to continue medication and treatment. Therefore, it is expected that more thorough studies of the attitudes toward treatment with respect to the validity scales provides the opportunity to find patients at high risk of premature treatment prior to medication and to strengthen their motivation for treatment, thereby leading to more effective and lasting treatment.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although some previous studies reported that a treatment combined with mucoprotective agent could improve the eradication rate in dual or triple therapy, there are other reports that question the efficacy of combining these drugs in concomitant therapy (CoCTx). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rebamipide or ecabet on the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication combined with CoCTx. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 277 patients with proven H. pylori infection. They were assigned to one of 3 regimens for 10 days, twice daily: (a) CoCTx (n=118): lansoprazole 30 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, metronidazole 500 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg; (b) CoCTx+rebamipide (100 mg) (n=85); (c) CoCTx+ecabet (1 g) (n=74). RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were not significantly different. H. pylori eradication rates were 82.2% (97/118) in CoCTx, 90.6% (77/85) in CoCTx+rebamipide, and 89.2% (66/74) in CoCTx+ecabet (p=0.17), which were statistically insignificant. Overall adverse events were more frequently reported in the CoCTx+rebamipide (50.6%. 43/85) and CoCTx+ecabet (44.6%, 33/74) groups than in the CoCTx (32.2%, 38/118) (p = 0.03) group. Drug compliances were not different between three groups (CoCTx: 95.8%, 113/118; CoCT+rebamipide: 92.9%, 79/85; CoCTx+ecabet 98.6%,73/74) (p=0.209). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk of eradication failure was significantly increased with decreased drug compliance (odds ratio 3.52, 95% confidence interval 1.00–12.32; p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Addition of these mucoprotective agent was not superior to CoCTx alone for eradicating H. pylori infection with frequent adverse events. Rather, drug compliance is the most related factor affecting the eradication rate. Our data suggest the importance of drug compliance over the drugs used.
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Humanos , Amoxicilina , Claritromicina , Adaptabilidad , Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter , Lansoprazol , Registros Médicos , Metronidazol , Análisis Multivariante , Estudios Retrospectivos , SodioRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive assessment of the nutritional habits of resistance trained males in relation to protein and carbohydrate intakes in comparison with the recommended values. Thirty-four male bodybuilders (27.0 +/- 2.1years, 173.5 +/- 5.0 cm, 8.3 +/- 0.61% body fat), twenty-four male weight lifters (20.9 +/- 2.1years, 171.8 +/- 6.9 cm, 7.6 +/- 0.98% body fat) and twenty-five male non-athletes (26.9 +/- 2.5years, 175.3 +/- 5.7 cm,, 8.5 +/- 0.95% body fat) participated in the study. Participants completed a comprehensive survey by twenty-four hour dietary recall methods. All diets were analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional (Pro) analyzer by a registered dietician. Body fat was measured using skin fold thickness. The average time spent in resistance training was 18.0 +/- 1.7 hrs/week for body builders and 14.6 +/- 8.7 hrs/week for weight lifters. Total daily calories were 2583.6 +/- 874.8 kcal (31.9 +/- 11.9 kcal/ kg) for bodybuilders, 3565.9 +/- 1281.8 kcal (42.7 +/- 15.0 kcal/kg) for weight lifters and 2016.0 +/- 955.3 kcal (28.1 +/- 13.9 kcal/kg) for non-athletes (p = 0.001). Percent of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat 64.2%, 27.1%, and 8.7% for bodybuilders, and 66.3%, 18.6%, and 15.1% for weight lifters. The mean protein intake was 1.9 +/- 1.2 g/ kg of BW for bodybuilders, 1.6 +/- 0.6 g/kg of BW for male weight lifters and 1.1 +/- 0.69 g/kg of BW for non-athletes. Although dietary calcium (78.7%) and riboflavin (86.3%) intakes for bodybuilders were below the RDA, dietary intakes of micronutrients were not deficient. More research needs to be conducted to determine the optimal amounts of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and micronutrients for the resistance trained athletes.
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Humanos , Masculino , Tejido Adiposo , Atletas , Calcio de la Dieta , Carbohidratos , Dieta , Grasas , Micronutrientes , Nutricionistas , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Riboflavina , Piel , SomatotiposRESUMEN
This study was to examine the needs among elementary school dietitians (n = 115) for developing a nutrition information internet site for children. A survey questionnaire included general characteristics, internet use regarding health and nutrition information, and needs for developing a nutrition information site. The mean age of the subjects was 36.2 years. The higher working experience group (> 10 years of working as dieticians) had higher mean age (p < 0.001), had a larger number of enrolled students at school (p < 0.01) and the number of those receiving school lunch (p < 0.01) than the counterparts (< or = 10 years group). Sources of health and nutrition information were mainly PC/internet (60.4%) and seminar (14.4%). About 95% used health or nutrition information using the internet, however, the majority of users (71.6%) used internet information only when they needed it. Major reasons for using internet information was 'to get nutrition education materials' (63.8%) and 'to obtain general nutrition information' (21%). One third of the subjects were satisfied with nutrition information internet sites; major problems with internet sites were 'lack of content' (38.9%) and 'lack of practical information' (33%). These characteristics regarding internet use were not different between work experience groups. Major problems with nutrition education were 'lack of nutrition educational materials' (41.1%) and 'lack of nutrition education skills' (32.1%). These were significantly different between the work experience groups (p < 0.01). Subjects preferred CD/ internet to leaflet/booklet as nutrition educational materials. In developing nutrition sites for children, subjects wanted topics such as obesity assessment, dietary assessment, and obesity. Subjects responded that contents of nutrition information should be 'suitable to the children's knowledge levels' (31.1%), 'interesting enough by including quizzes, games and songs' (27.8%), 'inserting many illustrations/icons' (16.3%). In terms of designing internet sites for children, they wanted that internet sites should 'be easy enough to find the sites' (29.2%), 'use illustrations and characters' (24.8%), 'use communication channels such as Q&A' (18.7%). Needs for developing internet sites for children were not different by the work experience group. This study suggests that web sites for children should be carefully developed considering the contents and design, have less information with more illustrations, designed to induce the interest of children, as well as including sections such as eating habit assessment and games.