RESUMEN
@#With the increasing demand for beauty, the treatment of gingival recession has become a common request among patients. Clinically, gingival recession is mainly treated by surgery. The common surgical methods include free gingival grafting, pedicled flap technology and double flap technology (subepithelial connective tissue transplantation combined with coronally advanced flaps). If patients with indications are selected, satisfactory surgical results will be obtained. However, there are still some shortcomings in the above mentioned methods, such as the root coverage effect not being satisfactory. In recent years, researchers have put forward some improved schemes to minimize the shortcomings of the above methods to treat different degrees of gingival recession. A gingival unit graft containing gingival papilla and free gingiva can improve the blood supply of the recipient area and improve the effect of root coverage. It can obtain better root coverage for slight retraction, widening of the angular gingiva and deepening of the vestibular sulcus, but there may be issues with inconsistent color and shape of the gingiva after surgery, as well as poor aesthetic effects. Modified coronally advanced flaps, flaps prepared by the technique of half-thickness, full-thickness and half-thickness, and modified coronally advanced envelope flap technology are designed with the most serious retraction teeth as the center in the case of multiple gingival retractions, both of which can improve the effect of root covering. Tunnel technology and modified tunnel technology, without severing the gingival papilla and tunneling the gingival flap to accommodate the graft, can effectively reduce tissue damage and promote wound healing. This paper reviews the literature and summarizes the outcome of the modified surgery techniques in the treatment of gingival recession. These treatment options for gingival recession are proposed with the aim of improving clinical work, and some suggestions for the treatment of gingival recession to achieve a stable root coverage effect are put forward. In the future, the development direction of mucogingival surgery is to reduce trauma and have a stable curative effect.
RESUMEN
Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease(AD)in the early stage is challenging.Informative biomarkers can be of great value for population-based screening.Metabolomics studies have been used to find potential biomarkers,but commonly used tissue sources can be difficult to obtain.The objective of this study was to determine the potential utility of erythrocyte metabolite profiles in screening for AD.Unlike some commonly-used sources such as cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue,erythrocytes are plentiful and easily accessed.Moreover,erythrocytes are metabolically active,a feature that distinguishes this sample source from other bodily fluids like plasma and urine.In this preliminary pilot study,the erythrocyte metab-olomes of 10 histopathologically confirmed AD patients and 10 patients without AD(control(CTRL))were compared.Whole blood was collected post-mortem and erythrocytes were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Over 750 metabolites were identified in AD and CTRL erythrocytes.Seven were increased in AD while 24 were decreased(P＜0.05).The ma-jority of the metabolites increased in AD were associated with amino acid metabolism and all of the decreased metabolites were associated with lipid metabolism.Prominent among the potential bio-markers were 10 sphingolipid or sphingolipid-related species that were consistently decreased in AD patients.Sphingolipids have been previously implicated in AD and other neurological conditions.Furthermore,previous studies have shown that erythrocyte sphingolipid concentrations vary widely in normal,healthy adults.Together,these observations suggest that certain erythrocyte lipid phenotypes could be markers of risk for development of AD.
RESUMEN
@#Gingival recession (GR) is characterized by exposure of the root surface into oral environment due to apical migration of the marginal gingiva to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). A high prevalence of GR has been reported in several representative population samples. GR may result in a certain degree of functional and aesthetic alterations if left untreated for long periods. In severe cases, root-dentin hypersensitivity, abrasion, abfraction and root caries may also be involved in GR, which increases the challenge of plaque control. The etiology of GR is multifactorial, including periodontal disease, local anatomical variation, tooth malposition, improper tooth brushing, mechanical trauma and iatrogenic factors, of which periodontal disease is the most common cause. The treatments of GR consist of nonsurgical and surgical therapy, and the latter generally involves mucogingival surgery to restore the aesthetics and function of the local gingival recession. However, over the past 50 years, the periodontal plastic surgical technique has evolved from the traditional free gingival graft method into a more advanced, minimally invasive tunnel technique. For this technique, sulcular incisions instead of vertical relieving incisions are provided through each recession area, and full thickness mucoperiosteal flaps are created and extended beyond the mucogingival junction to facilitate coronal displacement. Each pedicle adjacent to the recession is gently undermined to create a tunnel at recipient site, where either autograft or allograft can be used. A minimally invasive tunnel technique is a better method for root coverage and reduced postoperative patient discomfort. This technique is characterized by both practical and aesthetic features.