RESUMEN
Protein-encoding genes only constitute less than 2% of total human genomic sequences, and 98% of genetic information was previously referred to as "junk DNA". Meanwhile, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of approximately 60% of the transcriptional output of human cells. Thousands of ncRNAs have been identified in recent decades, and their essential roles in the regulation of gene expression in diverse cellular pathways associated with fundamental cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, have been extensively investigated. Furthermore, the gene regulation networks they form modulate gene expression in normal development and under pathological conditions. In this review, we integrate current information about the classification, biogenesis, and function of ncRNAs and how these ncRNAs support skeletal development through their regulation of critical genes and signaling pathways in vivo. We also summarize the updated knowledge of ncRNAs involved in common skeletal diseases and disorders, including but not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, and intervertebral disc degeneration, by highlighting their roles established from in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies.
RESUMEN
@#Among the variety of post and core materials, fiber post is getting more and more popular because of its excellent physical and mechanical characters, superior aesthetics properties. However, it also has some limitations. In the restoration of damaged teeth, there should be more dentin ferrule, and the different designs of ferrule affect the retention, stability and root fracture resistance of teeth restored with fiber posts. The purpose of this article is to give a literature review of the effect of ferrule on teeth restored with fiber posts.
RESUMEN
@#In patients with anterior teeth loss, especially in patients with soft tissue defects, the aesthetic problem of soft tissue is still a major problem in the delayed planting restoration. In the restoration of anterior teeth, the health of the soft tissue around implants play a key role in guaranteeing the long-term success of dental implants. Therefore, consideration is worth being taken that how to deal with the soft tissue during the process of the delayed implant restoration as well as how to evaluate the effects after treatment. According to the process of the delayed implant operation sequence therapy-preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative treatment, this article will have a literature review and summary through these aspects as followings: the red aesthetic evaluation index, treatment of soft tissue around delayed implant, clinical curative effect evaluation.