Profile of the leprosy endemic in the district of Murrupula, Nampula, Mozambique: A population-based study

ABSTRACT Background: Leprosy is a neglected chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, that is curable. The magnitude of the disease and severity of the debilitation it causes renders leprosy a public health problem. This study aimed to analyze the endemic profile of leprosy in the Murrupula district and evaluate the socioeconomic, clinical, and serological profiles of leprosy contacts. Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with leprosy diagnosed between 2013 and 2017 and their household and community contacts was conducted in Murrupula District, Nampula Province, Mozambique. Interviews, simplified dermatoneurological examinations, Mycobacterium leprae flow (ML Flow) tests, and Mitsuda tests were performed. Results: Most of the leprosy cases were multibacillary. The patients had some degree of physical disability. ML Flow positivity was more common in household contacts of the patients diagnosed with leprosy and in community individuals who spontaneously presented for testing. In total, 17 patients were diagnosed with leprosy. Conclusions: This study revealed an active chain of transmission, hidden prevalence, and operational deficiencies in leprosy surveillance and care. The results suggest that the implementation of a public health policy for leprosy prevention and control in Nampula Province is necessary. In future, the possibility of expanding the policy to the entire country should be considered.

The health-related quality of life in patients with Chagas disease: the state of the art

ABSTRACT Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease associated with poverty in which patients are surrounded by stigma. These factors can contribute to reducing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Therefore, a broad discussion of HRQoL in the CD population is required. This study aimed to discuss the main findings of HRQoL in patients with CD, focusing on the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, echocardiographic and functional determinants, and the effect of non-invasive interventions on HRQoL. A literature search of the MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, and LILACS databases was performed with no data or language restrictions. Twenty-two articles were included in this meta-analysis. In general, HRQoL is worse in patients with CD than in healthy individuals, particularly in the presence of cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. Sex, age, functional class, level of physical activity, healthy habits, and medications received could affect HRQoL. Among the echocardiographic and functional determinants, decreased systolic function seems to negatively affect HRQoL. No association with the peak oxygen uptake was observed in the maximal tests. By contrast, well-tolerated field tests with submaximal intensities were associated with HRQoL. Both pharmaceutical care and exercise training have a positive effect on the HRQoL of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy, and the mental component can be a prognostic marker in this population. In conclusion, assessment of HRQoL can provide important information about the health status of patients with CD, and its use in clinical practice is warranted.

Eosinophilic fasciitis: an atypical presentation of a rare disease

SUMMARY Eosinophilic fasciitis, or Shulman's disease, is a rare disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The diagnosis is confirmed by a deep biopsy of the skin. The first line of treatment is corticotherapy. We present a rare case of eosinophilic fasciitis in a 27-year-old woman with an atypical presentation with symmetrical peripheral edema and a Groove sign. The patient responded well to treatment with corticosteroids at high doses and, in this context, was associated with hydroxychloroquine and azathioprine. After two and a half years, peripheral eosinophilia had increased, and more of her skin had hardened. At that time, the therapy was modified to include corticoids, methotrexate, and penicillamine. It is of great importance to publicize these cases that allow us to gather experience and better treat our patients.

RESUMO A fasciite eosinofílica ou doença de Shulman é uma doença rara de etiologia desconhecida. É caracterizada por eosinofilia periférica, hipergamaglobulinemia e velocidade de sedimentação eritrocitária elevada. O diagnóstico é confirmado por biópsia profunda da pele. O tratamento de primeira linha é a corticoterapia. Apresentamos um caso raro de fasciite eosinofílica numa mulher de 27 anos com uma apresentação atípica com edema periférico simétrico e sinal de Groove. A paciente respondeu bem ao tratamento com corticoides, mas em doses elevadas, e, nesse contexto, associou-se hidroxicloroquina e azatioprina. Ao fim de dois anos e meio verificou-se aumento de eosinofilia e novamente pele mais endurecida. Nessa altura alterou-se a terapêutica para corticoides, metrotexato e penicilamina. É de grande importância a divulgação desses casos que nos permitem reunir experiência e assim melhor tratar os nossos doentes.

Does the heel-rise test explain functional capacity in venous insufficiency? / O teste da ponta do pé prediz capacidade funcional na insuficiência venosa?

Introduction Individuals with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) have muscle pump dysfunction and reduced functionality. However, studies are inconsistent in proving whether a particular test can assess muscle functional capacity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the heel-rise test (HRT) is able to explain functional capacity in patients with CVI. Materials and methods Subjects with CVI aged between 20 and 59 years old were selected for this study. All participants were classified by means of the Clinical Anatomy Etiology Pathophysiology Classification of Chronic Venous Disease (CEAP). The HRT and the shuttle walk test (SWT) were performed. Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, linear models and regression variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) were used for data analysis. Significance was set at alpha ≤ 5%. Results 79 subjects were included in the study (38.79 ± 1.34 years). The HRT was able to explain functional capacity only in individuals aged between 50-59 years (R2 = 0.60, p = 0.0001). The heel-rise test was not sensitive to detect differences between the CEAP classes analyzed (p > 0.05). Conclusion The HRT was able to explain functional capacity in individuals aged between 50-59 years, and it can be applied in clinical practice for the functional evaluation of patients with CVI with mild severity in this age range. .

Introdução Indivíduos com insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC) podem apresentar disfunção da bomba muscular e redução de sua funcionalidade. Porém, estudos são inconsistentes em afirmar se um teste específico muscular pode avaliar a capacidade funcional. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar se o teste da ponta do pé (TPP) é capaz de predizer a capacidade funcional em indivíduos com IVC. Materiais e métodos Foram selecionados para o estudo indivíduos com IVC com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. Os participantes foram classificados por meio da CEAP (Clinical Etiology Anatomy Pathophysiology Classification of Chronic Venous Desease). Foram realizados o TPP e o teste do deslocamento bidirecional progressivo (TDBP). Estatísticas descritivas, correlação de Spearman, modelos de regressão linear e análise de variância (ANOVA one-way) foram utilizados para a análise dos dados. Para significância estatística, foi usado alfa de 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 79 indivíduos (38,79 ± 1,34 anos) no estudo. O TPP foi capaz de predizer a capacidade funcional somente em indivíduos de 50 a 59 anos (R2 = 0,60; p = 0,0001). O TPP não foi sensível em detectar diferenças entre as classes CEAP analisadas (p > 0,05). Conclusão O TPP foi capaz de explicar a capacidade funcional em indivíduos de 50 a 59 anos, podendo ser aplicado na prática clínica de forma válida para a avaliação funcional de pacientes com IVC de gravidade leve nessa faixa etária. .

Marcadores neurobiológicos e psicométricos da eficácia da terapia cognitivo-comportamental no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático associado a sintomas dissociativos: relato de caso / Neurobiological and psychometric markers of the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder with dissociative symptoms: a case report

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) tem sido associado à desregulação de diversos parâmetros psicofisiológicos e pode apresentar comorbidade com diversas psicopatologias, inclusive a dissociação, podendo dificultar o tratamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em um paciente com TEPT e sintomas dissociativos com base em medidas psicofisiológicas e psicométricas em diferentes momentos do tratamento. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: O paciente é um homem de 38 anos, com diagnósticos de TEPT e transtorno depressivo maior recorrente com sintomas dissociativos e resistência ao tratamento farmacológico. O tratamento psicoterápico teve duração de 4 meses, sendo composto por uma sessão semanal de terapia e três sessões semanais de coterapia. Os parâmetros fisiológicos (frequência cardíaca, tônus vagal, balanço simpático e cortisol) e psicométricos (afeto negativo e positivo, resiliência e sintomas de estresse pós-traumático, depressão, ansiedade e dissociação) foram medidos antes, durante (uma vez ao mês) e após o tratamento. COMENTÁRIOS: Os resultados mostraram diminuição do balanço simpático e aumento do tônus vagal, da frequência cardíaca e dos níveis de cortisol ao longo do tratamento. O tratamento também promoveu redução no afeto negativo e nos sintomas de estresse pós-traumático, depressão, ansiedade e dissociação, além de um aumento nos escores de resiliência, apoio social e afeto positivo. Esses resultados sugerem que a terapia cognitivo-comportamental é um tratamento eficaz para o TEPT com sintomas dissociativos. Além disso, parece promover a normalização das alterações fisiológicas do sistema nervoso autônomo e neuroendócrino relacionadas ao TEPT.

INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with dysregulation of many psychophysiological parameters and may present comorbidity with different psychopathologies, including dissociation, potentially affecting treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in a patient with PTSD and dissociative symptoms based on psychophysiological and psychometric measures at different time points throughout the course of treatment. CASE DESCRIPTION: Our patient is a 38-year old man diagnosed with PTSD, major depression, and dissociative symptoms, resistant to pharmacotherapy. Psychological treatment lasted for 4 months and consisted of one weekly therapy session and three weekly coaching sessions. Physiological (heart rate, vagal tone, sympathovagal balance, and cortisol) and psychometric measures (negative and positive affect, resilience, and post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and dissociative symptoms) were obtained before, during (once a month) and after treatment. COMMENTS: Results showed a decrease in sympathovagal balance and an increase in heart rate, vagal tone and cortisol levels during the course of treatment. Treatment also lead to a decrease in negative affect and in post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and dissociation symptoms, as well as to an increase in resilience, social support and positive affect scores. These results suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for PTSD patients with dissociative symptoms. Moreover, the treatment seems to be able to normalize PTSD-related physiological parameters in the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems.

Potenciais biomarcadores da terapia cognitivo-comportamental para o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: uma revisão sistemática / Potential biomarkers of cognitive behavior-therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review

CONTEXTO: O estabelecimento de biomarcadores relacionados à terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) é uma maneira de consolidar a eficácia do tratamento de forma mais objetiva, sendo crítico para o avanço desse campo de pesquisa. OBJETIVOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos que: 1) utilizaram parâmetros biológicos para verificar a eficácia da TCC no tratamento do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT); e 2) utilizaram esses parâmetros como preditores de resposta à CBT. MÉTODOS: Foram conduzidas buscas eletrônicas nas bases PubMed/Medline, ISI/Thompson Reuters e Pilot. RESULTADOS: Doze artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão, sendo quatro deles estudos sobre predição de resposta ao tratamento. Foi observada relação entre a eficácia da TCC e modificações nesses parâmetros, sendo a resposta da frequência cardíaca à evocação de sintomas o parâmetro mais utilizado até o presente momento. Sua redução está associada à melhora nos sintomas de TEPT. Potenciais biomarcadores de predição de resposta encontrados incluem 5α-redutase, ativação da amígdala, ativação e volume do córtex cingulado anterior e frequência cardíaca. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da escassez de estudos e das limitações metodológicas neles observadas, investigações iniciais sugerem que os biomarcadores da TCC em pacientes com TEPT poderão ser úteis para o monitoramento mais objetivo dos efeitos do tratamento, identificação de predição de resposta e para o desenvolvimento de estratégias mais eficazes de tratamento e prevenção do desenvolvimento de TEPT.

BACKGROUND: The establishment of biomarkers related to cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a method to objectively consolidate treatment efficacy, which is critical to advancing the field. OBJECTIVES: We systematically reviewed studies that used biological parameters to assess the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and studies that used these parameters as predictors of response to CBT. METHODS: Computerized literature searches were conducted in PubMed/Medline, ISI/Thompson Reuters, and Pilot databases using both thesaurus and free-word search terms. RESULTS: 12 articles met the selection criteria. 4 of them were response predictors studies. A relationship was found between CBT efficacy and changes in the measured parameters, with heart rate responses to symptom provocation being the parameter most often studied. The reduction in heart rate was associated with an improvement in PTSD symptoms. The potential biomarkers of response predictions found included 5α-reductase, amygdala activation, activation and volume of the anterior cingulate cortex, and heart rate. DISCUSSION: Despite the scarcity of studies and their methodological shortcomings, initial investigations indicate that biomarkers of CBT in PTSD patients hold promise for more objective treatment outcome monitoring, identification of response predictors, and for developing novel treatment and prevention strategies.