Comparative study of papanicolaou smear and colposcopy in the evaluation of cervical lesions

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer among females. Study aims to critically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy versus papanicolaou (Pap) smear in the early detection of dysplasias. Its secondary objective to correlate the findings in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix by cytology, colposcopy and colposcopy guided biopsy.Methods: This was a tertiary care teaching hospital based, prospective, cross sectional study done in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, conducted on 200 women attending Gynaecology OPD.Results: PAP smear was taken for all 200 patients. 73% of smear was found to be normal, 11% showed inflammatory atypia, 9% showed low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 3.5% showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 3.5% showed High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL). Among the 200 cases studied, 38% (76/200) were diagnosed as colposcopically abnormal. Among the abnormal cases, AW areas were diagnosed in 4%. Punctate pattern of vessels was seen in 5% of women. Normal findings was present in 62%, Erosion cervix in 6%, inflammatory changes were seen in 6% and polyps were diagnosed in 7.5%, leucoplakia was found in 2% and unsatisfactory colposcopy finding was seen in 4% and underwent endocervical curettage. 32 cases out of 200 women were positive on Pap smear. 66 out of 200 women were positive on Biopsy. Pap smear was positive in 22 out of 66 biopsy proven positive cases.Conclusions: The commonest presenting complaint was vaginal discharge (182/200; 91% of the patients. the PAP smear  is found to have sensitivity of 33.33%  and specificity of 92.54%. colposcopy is found to have sensitivity of 81.82%  and specificity of 82.84%.

Study on knowledge and experience about emergency contraception at a tertiary care centre family planning clinic

Background: Unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions are the major reproductive health challenges faced by women of developing countries. According to WHO 42 million induced abortions occur annually and out of which 20 million are performed in unsafe condition and by unskilled providers.Methods: It is a questionnaire-based study planned to be conducted in the family planning clinic of Department Of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore. Statistical analysis is done by percentage analysis, paired T test or Wilckoxer signed rank test and Mcnemer test.Results: This is a questionnaire-based study conducted on 300 urban educated women seeking termination of pregnancy. Among 300 women studied majority were in the age group of 21-30 years i.e. 174 women (58%). Among 300 women studied about 126 women who had some knowledge about EC and Medias (like TV, radio and magazine) constitutes the major source of knowledge i.e. 60 women (47.6%) then Doctors and nurse i.e. 36 women (28.5%) and other sources like friends, relative and Teachers i.e. 30 women (23.8%). Knowledge about the side effects of EC was very limited in present study, i.e. 30 women (23.8%) were unaware of side effects, 60 women (47.6%) were aware of minor side effects like nausea, vomiting and pain abdomen, and only 36 women (28.5%) were aware of hormonal side effects like menstrual irregularity.Conclusions: From present study it is shown that even among urban educated women knowledge about emergency contraception is very limited. For the proper use of emergency contraception, women should have basic knowledge about fertility and contraception. According to present study only 23.8% of urban educated women have knowledge about safe and unsafe period only (42.8%) had knowledge about timing of use of Emergency contraception.

Distance Between Major And Minor Duodenal Papilla From Pylorus: A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: Without the knowledge of the normal pattern of the duct system and its variations, a radiologistcan’t interpret an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) picture. So it becomes important tostudy the anatomy of pancreatic ducts, their relation to each other, to common bile duct and to duodenum in theavailable human cadavers. The present paper is about the study of distance between minor and major duodenalpapilla from pylorus which was carried out on 96 cadaveric specimens of human duodeno-pancreas. To visualiseand to see distance between minor and major duodenal papillae is necessary for the endoscopist who aims toperform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 96 (64 male and 32 female) cadavers. Major and minorduodenal papillae were visualized through eosin dye installation in both common bile duct and the accessorypancreatic duct. The measurement of distance between the duodenal papillae and to pylorus was done in cm.Results: In the present work, the mean ± SD of the Distance between pylorus to MAP is 8.05 ± 1.71 cm, pylorus toMIP is 6.19 ± 1.49 cm, the major to minor duodenal papilla was on an average 2.02 ± 0.40 cm, these distanceswere more in males as compared to females. But the size of Orifice of MAP in specimens is 7.25 ± 1.25 mm morein females as compared to males.Conclusion: The length of the duct shows sexual dimorphism; the length being more in males than females.

Prevalence Of Patency Of Accessory Pancreatic Duct At Minor Papilla In South Indian Population: A Cadaveric Study

The accessory pancreatic duct is the smaller and less constant pancreatic duct in comparison with the mainpancreatic duct. We investigated the patency of the accessory pancreatic duct and its role in pancreaticpathophysiology. The present study was carried out in the department of Anatomy and forensic medicine, ACSRGovt. medical college, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India and in the department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ongole, AndhraPradesh, India. With 96 human cadavers (64 males and 32 females) with 30 to 80 years age group have beenstudied after obtained of ethical committee permission. The dissection method was followed to obtain specimenof pancreas along with C-loop of duodenum, papillae were identified ad dye was injected into APD to see itspatency at MIP. 93.75% specimens present MIP. The prevalence of patency of APD at MIP in population understudy was 38.89%; this is more in males was 43.33%, when compared to the females was 30% but this differencewas not significant statistically. It observed that out of 35 patent APD cases, 33 cases had inter papillarydistance either 2cm or more than 2cm. I t indicates 94.29% of patent APD cases had inter-papillary distancee”2cm. So there is strong relationship between APD patency and inter papillary distance in population understudy. The means inter-papillary distance in patent APD cases was 2.29 ± 0.2cm and non-patent APD cases was1.85 ± 0.25 cm. This difference was statistically significant.

Antibacterial activity of 3, 3', 4'-Trihydroxyflavone from Justicia wynaadensis against diabetic wound and urinary tract infection

ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to study the effect of an active compound isolated from Justicia wynaadensis against multi drug resistant organisms (MDRO's) associated with diabetic patients. The drug resistant pathogens implicated in wound and urinary tract infection of diabetic patients were isolated and identified by molecular sequencing. Solvent-solvent fractionation of crude methanol extract produced hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol-water fraction, among which chloroform fraction was found to be potent when compared with other three fractions. Further, chloroform fraction was subjected to preparatory HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography), that produced four sub-fractions; chloroform HPLC fraction 1 (CHF1) through CHF4. Among the sub-fractions, CHF1 inhibited the pathogens effectively in comparison to other three sub-fractions. The purity of CHF1 was found to be >95%. Therefore, CHF1 was further characterized by NMR and FTIR analysis and based on the structure elucidated, the compound was found to be 3,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone. The effective dose of this bioactive compound ranged from 32 µg/mL to 1.2 mg/mL. Thus, the present study shows that 3,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone isolated from J. wynaadensis is an interesting biopharmaceutical agent and could be considered as a source of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of various infections and used as a template molecule for future drug development.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant potential of Andrographis paniculata Nees. leaf ethanol extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

This study aimed to elucidate the potential of Andrographis paniculata (leaves) both as an antidiabetic and as an antioxidant in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After grouping, diabetic rats were administered the leaf ethanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, creatinine and urea levels and histopathological study of pancreas were carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects. Enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver homogenate was assayed. After the treatment with A. paniculata leaf extract, fasting blood glucose, creatinine and urea levels were found to be decreased in diabetic rats.The extract was found to be non toxic as seen by the normal creatinine and urea levels in the extract fed normal rats. There was an increase in the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes in diabetic treated rats. Histopathological study of pancreas revealed the islet cell restoring and regenerative ability of A. paniculata extract. According to our present findings, A. paniculata leaves possessed significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat which might be due to its islet cell restoring and regenerative ability as well as the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes.

Recurrent unilateral vulval elephantiasis: a case report

Genital elephantiasis is caused by a variety of infective and non infective causes leading to blockage of lymphatic. We are presenting a rare case of recurrent unilateral vulval elephantiasis which has recurred after initial reconstructive surgery. A 38 year old female presented with vulval swelling and on examination there was gross unilateral vulval enlargement. FNAC [Fine needle aspiration cytology] and biopsy were contributory for diagnosis. Patient was started with antibiotics and daily dressing was done till the infection was subsided and the patient was planned for reconstructive surgery

Computational modeling and drug designing of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) involved in ischemic stroke.

Homology modeling and flexible docking of Lipoprotein Lipase has been studied in silico approach. Blast result was found to have similarity with Lipoprotein Lipase of 83% identity with 1LPA. Active site of LPL protein was identified by CASTP. Large potential drugs were designed for identifying molecules that can likely bind to protein target of interest. The different drug derivatives designed were used for docking with the generated structure, among the 10 derivatives designed, 3rd derivative showed highest docking result. The drug derivatives were docked to the protein by hydrogen bonding interactions and these interactions play an important role in the binding studies. Our investigations may be helpful for further studies.