Epidemiological survey of prevalence of HIV infection, syphilis and hepatitis C in female sex workers and other 6 risk populations in Tibet Autonomous Region / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection,syphilis and hepatitis C and related behavioral factors in female sex workers (FSWs) and other 6 risk populations in Tibet Autonomous Region.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2 000 FSWs,200 men who have sex with men (MSM),200 drug users,1 200 male migrants,5 600 young students,as well as hospital patients and pregnant women in Lhasa,Qamdo,Nyingchi,Xigaze Shannan,Ali and Nagqum from June to December 2015.Face to face interviews were conducted to collect their demographic and behavioral information,and blood samples were collected for the tests of HIV,syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies.The enumeration data were described by using rate and constituent.Results A total of 20 597 participants were involved in cross-sectional survey.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 5.81％(124/2 133) and 0.05％ (1/2 133) respectively among FSWs.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were the same (9.80％,10/102) among MSM.There were no HIV infection detected in among drug users,male migrants and young students,but the positive rates of syphilis antibody were 4.00％(4/100),0.33％ (4/1 297) and 0.08％ (4/5 095)respectively.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 0.04％(2/5 565) and 1.64％(91/5565) among hospital patients.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 0.11％(7/6 305)and 1.19％(75/6 305)among pregnant women.The positive rates of HCV antibody were 1.00％ (1/100)among drug users and less than 0.50％ in other risk populations.The overall consistent condom use rate was low.Conclusions In Tibet,HIV infection mainly occurred in the MSM,syphilis mainly occurred in FSWs and MSM,HCV infection mainly occurred in drug users.The AIDS related knowledge awareness rate was low in these risk populations,and less of them received intervention service.

Epidemiological survey of prevalence of HIV infection, syphilis and hepatitis C in female sex workers and other 6 risk populations in Tibet Autonomous Region / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection,syphilis and hepatitis C and related behavioral factors in female sex workers (FSWs) and other 6 risk populations in Tibet Autonomous Region.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2 000 FSWs,200 men who have sex with men (MSM),200 drug users,1 200 male migrants,5 600 young students,as well as hospital patients and pregnant women in Lhasa,Qamdo,Nyingchi,Xigaze Shannan,Ali and Nagqum from June to December 2015.Face to face interviews were conducted to collect their demographic and behavioral information,and blood samples were collected for the tests of HIV,syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies.The enumeration data were described by using rate and constituent.Results A total of 20 597 participants were involved in cross-sectional survey.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 5.81％(124/2 133) and 0.05％ (1/2 133) respectively among FSWs.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were the same (9.80％,10/102) among MSM.There were no HIV infection detected in among drug users,male migrants and young students,but the positive rates of syphilis antibody were 4.00％(4/100),0.33％ (4/1 297) and 0.08％ (4/5 095)respectively.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 0.04％(2/5 565) and 1.64％(91/5565) among hospital patients.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies were 0.11％(7/6 305)and 1.19％(75/6 305)among pregnant women.The positive rates of HCV antibody were 1.00％ (1/100)among drug users and less than 0.50％ in other risk populations.The overall consistent condom use rate was low.Conclusions In Tibet,HIV infection mainly occurred in the MSM,syphilis mainly occurred in FSWs and MSM,HCV infection mainly occurred in drug users.The AIDS related knowledge awareness rate was low in these risk populations,and less of them received intervention service.

Efficacy of Ademetionine 1 ,4-Butanedisulfonate Enteric Coated Tables in the Treatment of Severe Intrahe-patic Cholestasis in Gestation Period and its Influence on Liver Function / 中国药师

Objective:To study the efficacy of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate enteric coated tables in the treatment of severe intrahepatic cholestasis in gestation period and its influence on liver function. Methods:From July 2013 to November 2014 in our hos-pital, 122 cases of severe intrahepatic cholestasis patients were divided into the observation group (61 cases) and the control group (61 cases) according to the admission order. The two groups of patients were given the conventional treatment, and the observation group was treated with ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate enteric coated tables additionally. The clinical efficacy, pruritus, perinatal child and pregnancy outcomes were observed after the treatment. The liver function in the two groups before and after the treatment was com-pared. Results:Before the treatment, TB, TBA, DB, AST and ALT in the two groups showed no significant difference (P>0. 05). After the treatment, TB[(22.7 ±4.3) μmol·L-1], TBA [(14.3 ± 3.4) μmol·L-1], DB[(5.3 ± 0.8)μmol·L-1], AST [(73.2 ±13.2)U·L-1] and ALT [(82.5 ±10.3)U·L-1] in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the con-trol group[TB(28.3 ±4.8) μmol·L-1, TBA(21.5 ±5.2) μmol·L-1, DB(8.3 ±2.4) μmol·L-1, AST(245.1 ±38.3) U· L-1, ALT(221.4 ±37.4) U·L-1], and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). After the treatment, the total effec-tive rate in the observation group (96. 72%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (80. 33%), the degree of itching in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, the perinatal children and pregnancy outcomes in the ob-servation group were significantly better than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion:Ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate enteric coated tables in the treatment of severe intrahepatic cholestasis during preg-nancy is effective with high security, which can significantly improve liver function, and is worthy of wide application.

Childhood Injuries in Pakistan: Results from Two Communities.

The study aimed at determining the incidence, nature, and extent of childhood injuries in two suburban and rural communities of Pakistan. The findings of the study are based on a cross-sectional survey of 2,292 children aged 1-8 years. Information was sought retrospectively from the primary caregiver on the occurrence of injury that required formal or informal medical consultation during the past three months. The incidence rate of non-fatal injuries that required care outside home for children aged 1-8 years was 19.7 injuries per 100 person (child)-years of exposure [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.41-23.51]: 26.5 injuries per 100 person (child)-years of exposure (95% CI 21.31-32.63) in the suburban area and 12.1 injuries per 100 person (child)-years of exposure (95% CI 8.68-16.66) in the rural area. The most common non-fatal injuries were falls (10.5 fall injuries per 100 person (child)-years of exposure), burns and scalds (3.5 burn injuries per 100 person (child)-years of exposure), and road traffic injuries (RTIs) (2 RTIs per 100 person (child)-years of exposure). One fatality due to drowning was also reported during the study period. The difference among sex was highly significant (p=0.03). Boys (60%) were at a higher risk of injuries compared to girls (40%). The data also revealed that 61% of the injuries took place inside the home. The magnitude of childhood injuries in the two communities was significant compared to the findings of the National Health Survey of Pakistan (1990-1994). The fact that the majority (61%) of the injuries occurred inside the home raises many questions in relation to the household hazards and adequacy of safety and child-proofing measures in these households. There is a need to develop community-based interventions, creating awareness about the consequences of childhood injuries and educating families about preventive measures to reduce the incidence of injuries during early and middle childhood.

Burden of Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in Pakistani children

Estimates of the burden of Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] in children in Pakistan are limited. A prospective surveillance was set up in 8 sentinel sites in Karachi and Hyderabad in January 2004. A total of 1481 children aged < 5 years underwent lumbar puncture for suspected acute bacterial meningitis. Specimens from 237 [16.0%] children met the criteria for probable bacterial meningitis, and Hib was detected in 45 of them [19.0%]. The minimum detected incidence of Hib meningitis in the Hyderabad area was 7.6 per 100 000 in children < 5 years of age, and 38.1 per 100 000 children < 1 year. Hib vaccination is justified for inclusion in Pakistan's expanded programme of immunization

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in Kinshasa Hinterland

To estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus [DM], impaired fasting glucose [IFG], and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and to determine the risk factors of DM among urban and rural areas of Kinshasa Hinterland Data were collected from a multistage random sample cross-sectional surveys of adult black Africans from Kinshasa region DR Congo with the help of a structured questionnaire, physical examinations and blood samples, using the WHO stepwise approach and the new criteria of WHO to define glucose intolerance. Prevalence rates were adjusted using the standard world population of Waterhouse and the standard population of Kinshasa region. A total of 9770 subjects age >/= 12 years participated [response rate of 90.3%] in this study. Age-adjusted rates to world population of IFG, IGT, DM by fasting plasma only, DM by 2h-load test only, and all cases of DM were 9.3%, 9.6%, 16.1%, 8.4% and 25.3%, respectively. Male sex, rural residence, total obesity, abdominal obesity, viral infection, milk intake, and kwashiorkor were the univariate risk factors of all cases of DM. Adjusted for confounders, advancing age, rural-urban migration, physical inactivity, smoking, abstinence of alcohol, low intake of fruits-vegetables, family history of DM, refined sugar intake, high social class, high intake of animal fat and protein, and stress, were the independents determinants of all cases of DM. This study observed epidemic rates of glucose intolerance. Primary prevention through lifestyle changes is needed to control DM among Africans under demographic and nutrition transition

PHmetria esofagica prolongada (24 hs) en la evaluacion del reflujo gastroesofagico en niños / Twenty four hours pH monitoring: evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in children

El reflujo gastroesofagico (RGE) es un fenomeno comun en lactantes y niños. El diagnostico del RGE depende mucho de la anamnesis y del examen clinico del paciente. La pHmetria esofagica prolongada (24 horas) se considera un metodo de eleccion para el diagnostico del RGE en lactantes y niños. Este estudio describe nuestra experiencia en el diagnostico de 59 pacientes pediatricos que fueran evaluados entre febrero de 1994 y agosto de 1995, en el servicio en el servicio de cirugia pediatrica del Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos. Se utilizo el DOS-100 Diagnosis pHmeter System con software, de acuerdo a la metodologia sugerida por Jolley y Johnson. Ocho paciente tuvieron un estudio tecnicamente inadecuado y fueron exluidos. De los 51 pacientes analizados con edad entre un mes a 8 años y 3 meses, 32 (62 por ciento) tuvieron resultado positivo y 19 (38 por ciento) tuvieron resultado negativo. Se presenta el porcentaje de los 5 par metros usados. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la pHmetria como prueba diagnostica en la patologia del RGE