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Objective To investigate the effects of different foot strike patterns during running on Achilles tendon(AT)morphology and mechanical loading.Methods Fourteen habitual rearfoot strike runners and 14 habitual forefoot strike runners were recruited.Morphological characteristics(tendon length,cross-sectional area,and thickness)of the AT were collected using ultrasound imaging.The AT loading characteristics(plantar flexion moment,tendon force,load rate,impulse,and stress)of subjects wearing cushioned running shoes while running at a speed of 10 km/h were collected and calculated using a three-dimensional force measurement treadmill.Results Compared to habitual rearfoot strike runners,habitual forefoot strike runners showed a significant increase in peak plantar flexion moment of ankle joint,AT peak force,average loading rate,and peak loading rate(P<0.05).However,the differences in AT length,cross-sectional area,and thickness between the two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusions Long-term forefoot strike patterns can adaptively enhance the mechanical loading characteristics of the AT during repetitive stretch-shortening cycles.
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The occurrence of perioperative adverse events (PAEs) significantly affects postoperative recovery of patients. In recent years, more and more studies have found that the start time of surgery is closely related to the occurrence of PAE, especially in terms of hospital stay and cost, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and postoperative mortality. This review aims to summarize the impact of different types of surgeries on PAE starting in the morning or afternoon, and to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which morning or afternoon surgeries affect PAE occurrence from the perspectives of circadian rhythms, human factors, and infrastructure, in order to provide reference for reducing patient PAE and accelerating patient recovery.
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Objective To explore the correlation between foot morphology and toe/metatarsophalangeal joint muscle strength. Methods Twenty-six male recreational runners were recruited. Foot length, truncated foot length, foot width, navicular height, dorsum height at 50% of the foot length, metatarsophalangeal joint strength, tensile force of the first and remaining four toes were measured by using digital caliper, metatarsophalangeal joint strength tester and dynameter, respectively. Partial correlations were used to analyze the correlation between foot morphology and foot muscle strength. ResultsWith adjusted age and body mass index (BMI), the foot width in standing position and truncated foot length in sitting and standing position were positively correlated to tensile force of the first toe; the foot length, foot width and truncated foot length were positively correlated to tensile force of the remaining four toes in both positions, and the arch height index in sitting position was negatively associated with tensile force of the remaining four toes; the foot width was positively correlated to metatarsophalangeal joint strength in both positions. Conclusions The longer foot length, foot width, truncated foot length, and the lower arch height in normal range might be related to the larger foot muscle strength. The consideration of the differences in foot morphological characteristics in different positions during the measurement of foot morphology can provide references for predicting foot muscle strength and preventing foot injury.
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Objective To investigate the mechanical properties of Achilles tendon (AT) during running under different shoe conditions (minimalist vs conventional shoes). MethodsSixteen healthy male runners with habitual rearfoot strike patterns were recruited to complete the running trials at the speed of 3.16~3.50 m/s under two shoe conditions. The cross-sectional area of the AT was obtained by ultrasound imaging. Sagittal plane ankle kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded by motion capture system and three-dimensional force platform simultaneously. Mechanical properties of the ankle and AT were calculated. Paired t test was used to compare the effects of two shoe conditions on various parameters (ankle angle, strike angle, AT force, stress, strain, etc). ResultsCompared with conventional shoes, foot inclination angle was significantly reduced by 39.9% with minimalist shoes. Obvious increase in ankle moment, peak AT force, peak AT loading rate, average loading rate, and obvious decrease in time to peak AT force were observed with minimalist shoes. Peak AT stress, peak AT strain and corresponding stress rate, peak strain rate also increased significantly with minimalist shoes. ConclusionsGreater AT loading was observed when runners with habitual rearfoot strike pattern in conventional shoes begin to wear minimalist shoes. Therefore, a gradual transition to minimalist shoes was recommended for them so as to improve the ability to load adaptively.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of forced-air warming blankets combined with conventional warming strategies on the quality of postoperative recovery and cognitive recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer.Methods:This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.A total of 70 patients aged 65-75 years, who were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)grade-Ⅱ or Ⅲ, undergoing the laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer under general anesthesia, were enrolled.Patients were randomly divided into two groups: the forced-air warming group(group FAW, n=35)and the conventional warming group(group CW, n=35). The inadvertent perioperative hypothermia(IPH), postoperative shivering, postoperative agitation, anesthesia recovery time and other postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.The post-operative quality of recovery scale(PQRS)was used to evaluate the quality of postoperative recovery and the recovery of cognitive function before and 1, 3, and 7 days after operation.Results:As compared with the group CW, the group FAW showed that the incidences of IPH, postoperative shivering and agitation were decreased(5.7% vs.22.8%, 2.8% vs.28.6%, 5.7% vs.31.4%, χ2=4.200, 10.057 and 7.652, P=0.042, 0.003 and 0.006), and the satisfaction degree of patients was increased at 48 hours after operation( P<0.01). The postoperative wake-up time was prolonged in the group CW as compared with the group FAW( P<0.01). Compared with the group CW, the proportion of patients with excellent overall recovery quality was increased in the group FAW 1 day after surgery( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in general recovery quality and cognitive recovery between the two groups at 3 and 7 days after operation. Conclusions:For elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, the forced-air warming blanket combined with conventional warming strategies is more helpful to decrease the incidence of IPH, reduce postoperative shivering and improve the overall recovery quality at 1 day after operation, but no significant effect on postoperative recovery of cognitive function is found.
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Objective To identify the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods Ninety-six American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients,aged 65-80 yr,with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2,undergoing elective TKA under total Ⅳ anesthesia,were divided into POCD group and non-POCD group according to whether POCD occurred on 7th day after surgery.The patient baseline characteristics in the perioperative period,plasma concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα),neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β protein,and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 1 and 2 days after operation were recorded.Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for POCD.Results Thirty-eight patients developed POCD at 7 days after operation,and the incidence was 39％.The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the number of operations,VAS score during activity at 1 day after operation,and concentrations of TNF-α,IL-1β,NSE and S-100β protein in plasma were risk factors for POCD (P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of operations,VAS score during activity at 1 day after operation,and concentrations of TNF-α,IL-1β,NSE and S-100β protein in plasma are risk factors for POCD in elderly patients undergoing TKA.
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Objective To explore the application effects of three-dimensional teaching mode for clinical anesthesiology. Methods 43 students were selected into control group, who were from class one, grade 2010 in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ningxia Medical University. 42 students were selected into observation group, who were from class two, grade 2010 in the Department of Anesthesiology, Ningxia Medical University. The traditional teaching mode were used for the students in control group during the teaching of clinical anesthesiology, while three-dimensional teaching mode were used for the students in observation group during the teaching. At the end of teaching, the teaching results were compared between the control group and the observation group, mainly including the usual scores evaluated from an anaesthesia plan plus an anaesthesia case discussion, and the final scores. The teaching satisfaction questionnaire were used to assess the effects of two teaching methods on the students' interest in learning, the capacity of clin-ical practice, the abilities of exploring, analyzing and solving problems, etc. SPSS 17.0 software was used in statistical analysis. The students' teaching results were tested by using two independent samples t-test. The satisfactions of these teaching effects were tested by using the Chi-square test. Results The usual and final scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(88.1±5.1) vs. (75.3±4.2), (82.1±3.3) vs. (75.7±3.9); P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the satisfactions of teaching effects in the observation group were higher such as to stimulate interest in learning (60.5% vs. 90.5%), to improve the abilities of self-study (30.2% vs. 83.3%) and clinical practice (51.2% vs. 85.7%), to widen the scope of knowledge (46.5% vs. 88.1%) and to cultivate the spirits of innovation (55.8% vs. 83.3%), etc (P<0.05). Conclusion During the teaching of clinical anesthesiology, the three-dimensional teaching mode has more advantages than the traditional one, which is good for improving the students' innovation and practice abilities.
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Objective To compare the effects of propofol-based anesthesia versus sevoflurane-based anesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome.Methods Ninety-four patients of both sexes,aged 65-80 yr,weighing 60-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery or gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia,were assigned to either propofol-based anesthesia group (group P,n =47) or sevoflurane-based anesthesia group (group S,n =47) using a random number table.Anesthesia was maintained by Ⅳ infusion of propofol 4-6 mg · kg-1 · h-1 in group P and by inhalation of 1％-2％ sevoflurane in group S.The bispectral index value was maintained between 40-60 during surgery.Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination,trial making test and Digit Span Tests Forward and Backward at 1 day before surgery and 3 and 7 days after surgery.The occurrence of POCD was recorded at 3 and 7 days after surgery.Results There were no significant differences in Mini-Mental State Examination scores,trial making test time,Digit Span Tests Forward and Backward scores or incidence of POCD between group S and group P (P＞0.05).Conclusion The effects of propofol-based anesthesia and sevoflurane-based anesthesia on POCD are comparable in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Objective To evaluate the role of spinal κ-opioid receptors in remifentanil-induced postoperative central sensitization in a rat model of incisional pain by in vivo electrophysiology.Methods Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,weighing 230-270 g,were divided into 5 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),incisional pain group (group I),remifentanil group (group R),remifentanil plus incisional pain group (group R+I),and κ-opioid receptor agonist U50488H group (group U).A 1 cm longitudinal incision was made through skin,fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the right hind paw in isofiurane-anesthetized rats to establish the model of incisional pain.Remifentanil was intravenously infused for 1 h at a rate of 10 μg · kg 1 · min-1 in group R.In group R+I,remifentanil was intravenously infused for 1 h at a rate of 10 μg · kg-1 · min 1,and the model of incisional pain was established at the same time.In group U,U50488H 10 μg/10μl was injected intrathecally,30 min later remifentanil was intravenously infused for 1 h at a rate of 10 μg · kg-1 · min-1,and the model of incisional pain was established.Six rats in each group were randomly selected,the mechanical pain threshold (MPT) was measured in bilateral hind paws before implanting intrathecal catheter (T0),before operation (T1),and at 1 h,4 h and 1,2 and 3 clays after operation (T2-6).Six rats in each group were randomly selected to record the C fiber-evoked filed potentials in the spinal dorsal horn from 60 min before administration or operation to 180 min after administration or operation,the long-term potentiation (LTP) induced was also recorded,and the area under the curve (AUC) of C-fiber-evoked field potentials was calculated.Results No LTP was recorded in C,I and U groups,and the LTP was recorded in R and R+I groups.Compared with group C,the MPT in bilateral hind paws at T5,6 was significantly decreased in group R,the MPT in ipsilateral hind paws at T2 6 was decreased in group I,the MPT in ipsilateral hind paws at T2-6 and in contralateral hind paws at T5,6 was decreased in group R+I,the MPT in ipsilateral hind paws at T2-4 was decreased in group U,and the AUC of C-fiber-evoked field potentials was increased in R and R+I groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ,the MPT in ipsilateral hind paws at T4-6 and in contralateral hind paws at T5,6 was significantly decreased,and the AUC of C-fiber-evoked field potentials was increased in group R+I (P＜0.05).Compared with group R+ I,the MPT in ipsilateral hind paws at T2-6 and in contralateral hind paws at T5,6 was significantly increased,and the AUC of C-fiber-evoked field potentials was decreased in group U (P＜0.05).Conclusion The results of in vivo electrophysiology confirm that inhibition of spinal κ-opioid receptor function mav be involved in the mechanism by which remifentanil induces postoperative central sensitization in a rat model of incisional pain.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effect of pendulum and straight wire technology in patients with fully erupted second molar.MethodsPatients with Angle class Ⅱ malocclusion were chosen.Control group included patients without erupted second molar.Experimental group included patients with completely erupted second molar.Pendulums were used in two groups to distalize maxillary molars.Then straight wire orthodontic treatment had been performed until treatment was over.Cephalograms of each stage were analyzed.ResultsIn the experimental group,mesiobuccal cusp of first molar was distalized for 4.62 mm,geometric center was distalized for 3.75 mm,about 81 percent of the movement of mesiobuccal cusp.In control group,mesiobuccal cusp of first molar was dis talized for 5.78 mm,geometric center was distalized for 3.20 mm,about 55 percent of the movement of mesiobuccal cusp.It turned out first molar was distalized in both groups,but more rotation took place in control group than that in the experimental group.ConclusionsPendulum can distalize maxillary first and second molars in patients with completely erupted second molar.The pendulum and straight wire technology can treat these patients successfully.
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Objective To investigate the role of central and peripheral sensitization in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Methods Twenty-one male SD rats weighing 200-300 g were used in this study. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of 1 % carrageenan 100 fd in the left hindpaw in all animals. The animals were then randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 7 each): control group (group C) and two remifentanil groups (group R1 , R2) . In R1 and R2 groups remifentanil was infused iv at a rate of 10 and 30 μg-kg-1·min-2 respectively starting from 5 min before till 25 min after carrageenan injection, while in group C normal saline was infused iv instead of remifentanil. Bilateral paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filament (PWT) was measured before (baseline) and at 1 h, 3 h and 1-7 d after carrageenan injection. Bilateral paw withdrawal latency to noxious thermal stimuli (PWL) was measured before and at 2 h, 4 h and 1-7 d after carrageenan injection. The thickness of the plantar surface of left hindpaw was measured before and at 1 h, 4 h and 1-7 d after carrageenan injection. Results Bilateral PWT was significantly lower at day 1 after carrageenan injection in R, and R2 groups than in group C. The right PWT was significantly lower at 2 d and 4-7 d after carrageenan injection in group R2 than in group R, . There was no significant difference in PWL and thickness of the plantar surface of left hindpaw among the 3 groups. Conclusion Central sensitization is involved in developing and maintaining the remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain, while peripheral sensitization is not.
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Objective To study the clinical effect of orthopedic-orthodontic treatment in crossbite in deciduous dentition through cephalmetric analysis. Methods 12 children with crossbite in deciduous dentition were enrolled in treatment group. Control group included 8 patients with normal deciduous dentition. Modified reverse headgear was used in each patient in the treatment group. Orthodontic force was a-bout 2. 94-4. 90 N (300-500 g) , and the direction of force was under occlusion plane for 37 degree. Each patient wore reverse headgear for 10 hour per day. Orthodontic treatment lasted for 6 months, and then orthodontic treatment began at once. Orthodontic treatment was not over until crossbite was corrected. The cephalmetric change was compared between two groups before treatment (T1) , after orthopedic treatment (T2)and after orthodontic treatment (T3). The effect of orthopedic-orthodontic treatment was analyzed in two group. Results Crossbite was corrected successfully in all patients in the treatment group. After treatment, A point moved forward by 2. 8mm, Is-FHp increased 8. 38 mm, ＜SNA increased 2. 65, incisors in mandible moved backward a little bit. All these changes were statistical different as compared with those in the control group. Conclusion Skeletal and dental deformity are improved progressively after combined orthopedic-orthodontic treatment. It is recommended to perform orthopedic-orthodontic therapy in skeletal crossbite in deciduous dentition.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare and establish quality control for the compo und metronidazole hollow suppository.METHODS:The compound metronidazole hollow suppository was prepared with semisynthesis fatty acid glyceride as ground substance;The contents of metronidazole and ofloxacin were determined by dual-wave length K-ratio method and equivalent absorption dual-wave length method.RESULTS:The detecting concentration linear range of metronidazole and ofloxacin were6.0～18.0?g/ml and3.0～9.0?g/ml respectively,the average recovery were100.98%and99.56%(n=5)respectively,RSD were0.82%?0.80%respectively.CONCLUSION:This method is convenient,accurate and reproducible,which can be used for the quality control of compound metronidazole suppository.