Implications of iodine deficiency by gestational trimester: a systematic review

ABSTRACT As pregnant women are susceptible to changes in iodine, which can cause miscarriage, goiter, thyroid nodules, hypothyroidism, in addition to fetal neurological impairment or development. The aim of this study was to verify the implications of the iodine alteration in each gestational trimester and its consequences of physiological justification. The review was based on PRISMA. Searching for articles that took place in March 2020 without delimiting data. As bases consulted were the Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Medline (PubMed). The descriptors were combined as follows: "pregnancy" AND "iodine deficiency". Articles that addressed iodine deficiency and its implications were included. The selection followed the steps of reading the titles, abstracts and full articles. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the STROBE Instruction instrument was used. The research resulted in 1,266 studies and 11 were included. In assessing methodological quality, the lowest score was and the maximum 20. According to studies, the fourth most affected by iodine loss are the second and third, it is possible to increase the volume and pneumatic nodules, subclinical hypothyroidism, pre-eclampsia, among others. The damages caused by iodine deficiency in the first or second trimester are still reversible, therefore, they need to be diagnosed early, to guarantee an iodic homeostasis and prevent damage to the health of the mother-child binomial.

Insegurança alimentar e nutricional em famílias do meio rural brasileiro: revisão sistemática / Food and nutritional insecurity in families in the Brazilian rural environment: a systematic review

Resumo Esta revisão objetivou analisar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional no meio rural brasileiro, bem como os instrumentos de mensuração utilizados na avaliação dessa situação. Realizou-se revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed e o portal de periódicos da CAPES, usando os termos de busca: 'segurança alimentar' e 'rural'. Posteriormente foi realizada busca reversa dentro dos artigos selecionados. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos originais, relacionados à (in) segurança alimentar e nutricional na população rural brasileira. Foram incluídos 12 estudos. A maioria utilizou a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar-EBIA e questionários socioeconômicos para avaliar a insegurança alimentar (IA), sendo encontrada associação entre eles. Cinco estudos abordaram o aspecto nutricional pela antropometria, porém não encontraram associação com a IA. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por quatro estudos e foi observada associação. Os resultados mostram alta prevalência de IA no meio rural em relação à população analisada na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio-PNAD nos anos de 2009 e 2013, assim como alta prevalência de IA grave. Conclui-se que o meio rural se apresenta em vulnerabilidade, principalmente quanto à questão alimentar e nutricional e aos determinantes socioeconômicos atrelados.

Abstract This review sought to analyze food and nutritional insecurity in the Brazilian rural environment, and the measurement instruments used to assess this situation. A systematic review was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed and CAPES databases, using the search terms: 'food security' and 'rural,' Subsequently, a reverse search was performed in the 12 articles selected. The inclusion criteria were: original articles related to food and nutritional (in)security in the Brazilian rural population. Twelve studies were included. Most of them used the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA (Brazilian Scale for Food Insecurity) and socioeconomic questionnaires to assess food insecurity (FI), an association being found between them. Five studies addressed the nutritional aspect by anthropometry but found no association with FI. Food consumption was assessed by four studies and an association was detected. The results show a high prevalence of FI in rural areas in relation to the population analyzed in the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) in the years 2009 and 2013, as well as a high prevalence of severe FI. The conclusion reached is that the rural environment is vulnerable, mainly regarding food and nutritional issues and the associated socioeconomic determinants.

Uso do extrato de folhas de Mangifera indica L. e da mangiferina na lesão aterosclerótica em camundongos ApoE-/- / Use of Mangifera indica L. leaves extract and mangiferin on the atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE-/- mice

As folhas de Mangifera indica L são importantes como fonte de compostos fenólicos, especialmente mangiferina, que apresentam propriedades antidiabética, hipolipemiante, antioxidante e anti-inflamatória. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do extrato etanólico de folhas de M. indica e da mangiferina isolada sobre a lesão aterosclerótica em camundongos ApoE-/-. Métodos: Camundongos ApoE-/- com 15 semanas de idade foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de acordo com o tratamento, por gavagem, durante 56 dias: controle (veículo, dimetil sulfóxido); E200 (200 mg/kg/dia de extrato da folha de M. indica), E400 (400 mg/kg/dia de extrato da folha de M. indica); M40 (40 mg/kg/dia de mangiferina). Parâmetros sanguíneos foram dosados utilizando-se kits enzimáticos e as lesões ateroscleróticas foram avaliadas pelo método en face. Resultados: O extrato seco apresentou 17% de mangiferina. Os níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total, frações HDLc e LDLc e triacilgliceróis, bem como o percentual de deposição lipídica no arco aórtico e aorta torácica não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusão: A administração do extrato de folhas de M. indica e da mangiferina em camundongos ApoE-/- não afetou a lipidemia e não diminuiu as lesões ateroscleróticas pré-existentes.

Mangifera indica L leaf are an important source of phenolic compounds, especially mangiferin, that exhibits antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mangiferin and ethanolic extract of M. indica leaf on atherosclerotic lesions in mice ApoE-/-. Methods: Fifteenweek- old ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the treatment giving by gavage during 56 days: control - vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide); E200 - 200 mg/kg/day M. indica leaf extract; E400 - 400 mg/kg/day M. indica leaf extract, M40 - 40 mg/kg/day mangiferin. Administrations of vehicle, extracts and mangiferin were performed every day by gavage during 8 weeks. Blood parameters were measured using enzymatic kits and atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated by en face method. Results: The dired extract showed 17% of mangiferin. Total cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc and triglycerides blood levels, as well as the percentage of lipid deposition in the aortic arch and thoracic aorta were not significantly different between the groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The administration of M. indica leaf extract and mangiferin in ApoE-/- mice did not affect serum lipids and did not decreased pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions