[ effects of two traditional and post-activation potentiation warm-up methods on ground reaction forces during squat-jump]

Background and Aim: A proper warm-up method can be used as a strategy to improve performance of athletes in various sport fields. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of traditional and post-activation potentiation warm-up methods on ground reaction forces during squat jump

Materials and Methods: Fourteen trained male athletes [age=26.5+/-3.64 years, weight=70+/-10.65 kg, height=180 +/- 8.39 cm] participated voluntarily in this study. Athletes randomly performed three different warm-up protocols on three separate days: typical traditional warm-up method, static and dynamic post-activation potentiation implementing half-squat at 90% 1RM. After performing the warm-up protocols, the subjects completed squat jump test on a force platform in order to assess ground reaction forces

Results: In the jumping and landing phases, the peak values of horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces in the traditional warm-up method were significantly lower than those in the static [P=0.001 for both phases] and dynamic [P=0.001 for both phases] PAP warm-up methods. Also, we found a significant difference in the horizontal peak ground reaction force in the jumping phase between the static and dynamic PAP warm-up methods [P=0.003]. In addition, significant differences in the vertical jump height and rate of force development [RFD] were observed between the traditional and static PAP warm-up methods [P=0.001 for both methods], between the traditional and dynamic PAP warm-up methods [P=0.001 for both methods], and also between the static and dynamic PAP warm-up methods [P=0.002 and P=0.003, respectively]

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that the PAP warm-up method may have more advantage over traditional warm-up method in order to improve record and performance of the athletes during squat jump movement

[Comparison between nonverbal skills of hearing-impaired children using cochlear implant and hearing aid]

This study aimed to determine whether children with cochlear implant in comparison with normal hearing children have delay and disorder in nonverbal skills as well as speech. In addition, whether cochlear implant surgery impact on the progress of these skills. In this study, 60 children under 7 years old both boys and girls were examined via non-random sampling. This group comprises 20 children with cochlear implant [CLs], 20 children with hearing aids [HAs] and 20 age-matched normal hearing children. Communication skills were assessed using the Emory Dyssemia Index which includes verbal, nonverbal and paralinguistic aspects. Moreover, to assess and compare data, ANOVA Variance-analysis and Tukey test were employed. Statistical analysis with an error of less than one percent and significant difference of P<0/000 showed that nonverbal communication skills in hearing impaired children with cochlear implant are better than hearing aid users with severe to profound hearing loss, also in comparison with these children, they have better social communication and act the same as normal hearing children in some skills. By improving their hearing, children can be exposed to social communication and instruction. Therefore, their verbal and nonverbal skills will improve. Also, it is suggested that in a natural manner, parents should expose their hearing impaired children to appropriate verbal and nonverbal stimuli similar to normal hearing children

[Effects of mouthwashes on color stubitity of hleached teeth]

Background and Aim: Bleached teeth are susceptible to discoloration. The aim of this study was to evaluate discoloration of bleached teeth following short-term use of several mouthwashes.

Materials and Methods: In this In-vitro experimental study, 48 extracted maxillary central incisorswere selected and divided into four groups of 12. All the teeth were subjected to external bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide [H2o2]. After bleaching, the teeth were immersed in in distilled water [control group or group 1], chlorhexidine [CIx; group 2], Irsha [group 3] or Persica [group 4] for three, seven and 14 days. The color change was assessed by a spectrophotometer at each time point and reported as INCREMENT El, INCREMENT E2 and INCREMENT E3. The results were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and LSD test.

Results: Different mouthwashes [p:0.0a3] and immersion times [p:0.03g] caused significantly variable color change in bleached teeth. After 14 days of immersion, the color change of samples in Persica group had significant differences with that of other goups [p<0.000]. The results of repeated measures ANOVA was only significant for the persica group indicating significant color change over time. Thus, paired t-test was applied for pairwise comparison of the time points, which revealed significant differences between INCREMENT EI and INCREMENT E3 and also INCREMENT E2 and INCREMENT E3 [p<0.0S].

Conclasion: Persica mouthwash would cause significant discoloration in recently bleached teeth.

[Comparison of the substantivity of several mouthwashes and their effect on microbial plaque using epifluorescence microscope]

Several techniques have been used to assess the efficacy and substantivity of mouthwashes. Considering the variability of available mouth rinses, this study aimed to assess the substantivity of several mouthwashes and their effect on microbial plaque using an epifluorescence microscope. This crossover double blind clinical trial evaluated 0.2%, and 0.12% [from 2 different brands] chlorhexidine [CHX], Persica and cetyl pyridinium chloride [CPC] mouth washes as well as normal saline as the negative control. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained from 16 candidates at baseline, 30s, 1, 3, 5 and 7h after one time use of mouthwashes. Epifluorescence technique was used to assess the viability of bacteria. For clinical examination following prophylaxis, subjects were asked not to use any oral hygiene measure except for the provided mouthwashes [twice a day] for 4 days. A 10-day washout period was allowed between the use of mouthwashes. Repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffe's test were applied for the comparison of viable bacterial count between the groups and Kruskal Wallis test was used for the assessment of microbial plaque. Persica and 0.12% CHX maintained their substantivity for 3 and 5h, respectively. A significant reduction in bacterial count was observed up to 7h after the use of 0.2% CHX only [P<0.001]. On clinical examination, 0.2% and 0.12% CHX mouthwashes had significant differences with the others but had no significant difference with one another [P<0.02]. Persica and CPC had similar efficacy [P<0.02]. Efficacy of mouthwashes strongly depends on their substantivity. Daily application frequency of other mouth rinses should be increased in order to achieve an efficacy equal to that of CHX

[Clinical application of hyaluronic acid gel for reconstruction of interdental papilla at the esthetic zone]

Interdental papilla reconstruction especially at the esthetic zone is among the most difficult periodontal treatments. Papilla deficiencies may occur following some periodontal surgeries and several techniques, mostly surgical and invasive, have been suggested to correct them. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical application of hyaluronic acid gel for reconstruction of interdental papilla at the esthetic zone. This experimental before and after study was conducted on 11 patients with 21 interdental papilla deficiencies who met the inclusion criteria. After the induction of local anesthesia, less than 0.2 ml hyaluronic acid gel was injected at the respective areas. This procedure was repeated 3 weeks and 3 months later for all the respective areas. Photographs obtained before the treatment and 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the intervention were assessed by Image J software based on image pixels. Data were extracted and changesin the interdental space at the mentioned time points were statistically analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Application of hyaluronic acid gel for reconstruction of interdental papilla was successful in a 6-month period. In the second follow up, 10% of subjects showed improvement in interdental papilla reconstruction by 50%. In the third follow up [at 6 months] 43% of samples showed 50% improvement or higher. The mentioned differences were statistically significant [P<0.05]. Application of hyaluronic acid gel is, to some extent, beneficial for reconstruction of interdental papilla at the esthetic zone and is recommended as a non-invasive technique

[Comparison of serum androgens and progesterone in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy]

Androgens are among the causative factors in preeclampsia. This study was done to compare the serum androgens and progesterone in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. This case-control study was done on 30 preeclamptic and 30 healthy pregnant women in Gorgan, Iran. Higher or equal to 140/90 mmHg and proteinuria equal or more than +1 in dip stick test in the third trimester of pregnancy were considered as the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia. Progesterone, free and total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [DHEA] were measured by ELISA method. Total testosterone level was 1.8 +/- 0.3 ng/ml and 1.3 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in cases and controls, respectively. This difference was not significant. Progesterone was lower in cases [95 +/- 46.9 ng/ml] than in controls [165.4 +/- 75 ng/ml] [P<0.01]. Free testosterone and DHEA were 5.6 +/- 2.3 ng/ml and 1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml in cases, respectively which was significantly higher than the controls [3.2 +/- 1.5 ng/ml and 0.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, respectively] [P<0.045]. Serum level of free testosterone, DHEA and progesterone increased and reduced respectively in preeclampsia

Tehran dentists' self-reported knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and observed willingness to treat simulated HIV-positive patients

Dentists' self-reported attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS might not reflect their actual behaviour. In this study 2 observers posed as HIV-positive patients and directly evaluated the behaviour of 300 dentists in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Two months later another observer interviewed the same dentists at their offices regarding AIDS-related knowledge and self-reported attitudes. Only 14.9% of dentists agreed to treat the simulated HIV-positive patients, 78.5% referred and 6.6% rejected them. Older age, longer work experience, graduation from a non-Iranian university and not having additional degrees were significantly related to adverse behaviours. Mean scores were 8.3 [SD 9.7] [out of 18] for knowledge and 17.5 [SD 7.1] [out of 39] for attitude. There were no significant correlations between dentists' knowledge and attitude or between knowledge and behaviour, but there was a weak positive correlation between self-reported attitude and observed behaviour

[Control of human errors and comparison of risk levels after correction action with the SHERPA method in a control room of petrochemical industry]

Human errors in many jobs especially in nuclear, military and chemical industries may bring disaster. Supporting this proposal there are many evidence around the world such Chernobyl disaster in 1986, Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and Flixborough explosion in 1974. Therefore, human errors' identification especially in important and complex systems is necessary and thus predicting control methods are unavoidable. Recent research is a case study performed in Zagros Methanol Company in Asalouye [Southern Pars]. The study tools were observation, interview with experts and control room operators, inspecting available technical documents, and completing systematic Human Error Reductive and Predictive Approach [SHERPA] worksheets. Analysis of SHERPA worksheet indicated that,%71.25 were unacceptable errors,%26.75 undesirable,%2acceptable [with modification],%0 acceptable. Predicted risk assessment after modification was%0, unacceptable errors%0, undesirable errors%4.35, acceptable [with modification in future]%58.55, and acceptable errors%37.1. The study showed that the current implemented method can be used through various industries like to chemical and petroleum. Based on the results of the risk level assessment after modifications, once the system weaknesses were refined or controlled we should expect a decrease in the amount of human errors causing disaster

Biosorption of uranium in a continuous flow packed bed column using Cystoseira indica biomass

Uranium [2] biosorption from aqueous solution by Cystoseira indica biomass was studied in a packed bed column. The uptake capacity of uranium was investigated by natural and different pretreated biomasses. Results showed 0.1 M CaCl[2] solution at pH=4, used as pretreatment, increased the uptake capacity more than 30% [371.39 mg/g]. Cations concentration measurement in the effluent solution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence analyses on biosorbents proved that ion exchange is the main biosorption mechanism. The elution efficiency for uranium desorption was determined for various chemical agents in a batch system. Among these eluants, 0.1 M HCl exhibited elution efficiency greater than 78%. Also, biomass regeneration by 0.1 M HCl was studied in a continuous system. The obtained results confirmed that reusability of this biomass is conceivable. Thus, Cystoseira indica can be used in the packed bed column as a potential biosorbent for treatment of uranium polluted aqueous solutions

Relationship of salivary RANKL and OPG with periodontal disease in type diabetic patients

The alterations of the RANKL/OPG system and the relationship between diabetes and periodontitis have been implicated in several studies. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between salivary RANKL and OPG concentration and periodontitis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Upon obtaining un-stimulated whole saliva samples from 50 volunteers including 27 type 1 diabetic patients, of whom 12 had periodontitis and 23 systemically healthy subjects, clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlations. Although lowest RANKL and OPG concentration and their relative ratio were observed in diabetic patients without periodontitis, there was no significant difference in RANKL and OPG concentration and RANKL/OPG ratio between the four groups of the study, but OPG concentration and RANKL/OPG ratio correlated positively with the duration of diabetes [p<0.05]. In comparison of the two groups of diabetic patients [with or without periodontitis], there was a significant difference in OPG concentration [p<0.05]. There was also a positive correlation between CAL and RANKL concentration [p<0.01] and RANKL/OPG ratio [p<0.05] in diabetic patients with periodontitis. Based on the limitation of the study, it seems that OPG level and OPG/RANKL ratio may serve as indicators of periodontal destruction in type 1 diabetes

effect of fig tree latex [ficus carica] on stomach cancer line

The therapeutic effect of herbal materials in inhibition of cancer cell growth was shown. This study investigates the effect of fig tree latex [Ficus carica] on stomach cancer line. The in vitro effect of different doses of fig tree latex on stomach cancer cell line and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated after 72 hours. Fig tree latex could inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell line without any cytotoxic effect on human normal cells. Five mg/ml was the optimum concentration in inhibition of cell line growth. Cancer cell line was more sensitive to Ficus carica latex than normal cells. This anticancer activity might be due to presence of its proteolytic enzymes

[Assessment of human errors in an industrial petrochemical control room using the CREAM method with a cognitive ergonomics approach]

Today in most of the work environments, such as nuclear, military and chemical industries, human error may result in catastrophic events. A common characteristic of large technological systems is that massive amounts of potentially dangerous materials are kept in one single unit controlled by control room operators. A control room is indeed the heart of a system of this type and any error in task performance by the operators may have undesirable consequences which could never be compensated. In this study we aimed to identify and assess human errors in the control room of the Aromatic Unit of Bouali-Sina Petrochemical Company, Iran using the CREAM method. This was a cross-sectional and analytical-descriptive study carried out in the control room of the Aromatic Unit of Bouali-Sina Petrochemical Company, Iran with 39 operators. After a job analysis by the hierarchical task analysis [HTA], probable control modes and cognitive failure probability were determined for occupational tasks using the basic and the extended CREAM methodologies. Based on the results of the basic CREAM method, control modes for the tasks of action, Boardman and shift control supervisor were determined as Opportunistic Control mode, while for the task of control room head it was obtained as Tactical control mode. With regard to the error types, the following results were obtained on the basis of the extended method of CREAM: execution failure [51.70%], interpretation failure [19.55%], planning failure [14.94%], and observation failure [13.81%]. The basic CREAM method showed the common performance factors [CPCs] leading to reduced performance reliability to be the number of simultaneous tasks, time of day [circadian rhythm], and adequacy and quality of training and experience. These factors caused the operators to choose an opportunistic control mode. In addition, based on the extended CREAM method results, the most noticeable cognitive failure was execution failure. In addition, the most important cognitive activities related to the control process in the control room were communication, execution, diagnosis, monitoring, and planning. Based on these findings, providing instructions and guidelines for work procedures, holding training courses, shift work scheduling, optimization of the communication systems and modifications in the control software are essential to minimize human errors in the Bouali Sina Petrochemical Company control room

[Does high dose erythropoietin administration reduce ischemic stroke complications?]

Ischemic brain strokes consist two Third of all strokes and their complications bear a lot of cost and disability for the patient and society. In this study we seek for the effect of Erythropoietin on ischemic brain strokes' outcome according to NIHSS [National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale] changes. This study is a RCT. All patients with focal neurologic deficit with primary suspicion of brain stroke underwent neuroimaging evaluations. After confirmation of new ischemic brain stroke, the patients with inclusion criteria randomized into two groups of cases and controls. NIHSS was defined for each patient and all patients received a routine treatment protocol. Erythropoietin 16000 IU as a bolus intravenous dose was given to case patients as soon as neuroimaging study confirmed new ischemic stroke and continued as 8000 IU each 12hr up to total dose of 56000 IU during 3 days. Patients were re-evaluated at days 14 and 28 and NIHSS was assessed by another neurologist blinded to patient's group. Finally NIHSS changes of both groups were compared with each other. Evaluations revealed that in days 14 and 28 during follow up, Erythropoietin was effective in NIHSS [P-value: 0.0001]. This effect is of value in LOC Commands [P:0.024], facial palsy [P:0.003], motor arm [P:0.0001], motor leg [P:0.0001], sensory [P:0.009] and best language [P:0.023]. Administration of High dose erythropoietin in first 24 hours can be effective on the reduction of ischemic stroke complication. However, a larger scale clinical trial is warranted

[Comparative study of pregnancy outcome in premature rupture of membranes with amniotic fluid indices of less and more than 5]

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes [PPROM] is one of the most important causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcome in preterm premature rupture of the membranes with amniotic fluid index less than 5 and more than 5. This prospective study was performed on 137 pregnant women with gestational age of 28-34 weeks with PPROM from Oct 2006 to Oct 2008. The patients were divided in two groups according to amniotic fluid index: AFI<5 [77cases], AFI >/= 5 [60 cases]. Chi-square test was used for qualitative variables, while T-student test was used for quantitative test. Both groups were similar with respect to number of pregnancies, gestational age at rupture of the membranes and birth weight. In the group with AFI<5, applied latency was significantly shorter [PV=0.049], rate of cesarean section was higher due to fetal distress [PV=0.008], neonatal Apgar score in first minute was lower during the first week [PV=0.0127] and the rate of neonatal death was higher [PV=0.045] during the first week. An AFI<5 cm after PPROM is associated with earlier delivery, higher rate of cesarean due to fetal distress, higher rate of neonatal death, and lower neonatal Apgar score in first minute during the first week

[ effect of phase I periodontal treatment on salivary aspartate aminotransferase [AST] level]

Statement of Problem: Due to the significant correlation between salivary AST activity and periodontal disease, AST activity can be used as a useful marker for monitoring of the periodontal disease

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the initial phase of periodontal treatment could modify the salivary AST level in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis referred to Periodontics Department of Islamic Azad University, Dental school Tehran [1386]

Materials and Method: In this clinical trial study [before and after], 33 patients [mean age of 45 +/- 9.75] with moderate to severe periodontitis were selected. Plaque index, pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and salivary AST were determined before and two months after the initial phase of periodontal treatment for all patients. The effects of treatment were assessed by Paired-T and Wilcoxon Sign tests

Result: Following phase I periodontal treatment, plaque index, pocket depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing decreased significantly [ p <0.05]. Salivary AST changed from 40.3 +/- 15.5 to 32 +/- 12.1 [ p <0.01]

Conclusion: Based on the statistically significant decrease in the salivary AST level after the initial phase of periodontal treatment, this biochemical marker may be used for evaluation of periodontal treatment

[ effect of different times application of chlorhexidine on the microbial plaque]

Statement of Problem: Previous studies have reported possible counteraction between chlorhexidine [CHX] and sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS] in dentifrice. For the same reason, different times application of CHX has been advocated

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare four different measures of CHX application along with tooth brushing on the plaque control

Methods and Material: The study was a single blinded, randomized 4cell, cross-over design. It used a four day plaque accumulation model to compare four different oral hygiene regimens with a wash out period of 7 days. Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study and received thorough dental prophylaxis at the beginning of each 4 day of the test period. The regimens included the use of CHX mouth rinse before [Regimen A], immediately after [Regimen B], and 30 minutes after tooth brushing [Regimen C]. Regimen D included only brushing with SLS containing dentifrice. At the end of each 4 day of the testing period, the plaque was scored with Turesky index. No other oral hygiene measures were allowed. The difference between the groups was analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA

Results: The overall indices of regimens A, B, C, and D were 0.90, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.96, respectively. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulation among the four regimens

Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the anti-plaque efficacy of 0.2% CHX rinse was not reduced in combination of tooth brushing with SLS-containing dentifrice, and there was no significant difference between the four regimens

Assessment of hypokalemic periodic paralysis in hyperthyroid patients

Prevalence and characteristics of hypokalemic periodic paralysis has been reported differently in various societies. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of hypokalemic periodic paralysis in hyperthyroid patients referred to endocrine OPD of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciensis. A questionnaire including age, sex, cause of hyperthyroidism, ophtalmopathy, skin manifestation of Graves disease, history of paralysis, organs involved, predisposing factors, the number of paralysis attack, the beginning time of the paralysis and potassium levels during the attack, were completed in all hyperthyr-otoxic patients. About 52% of patients had Graves' disease. About 69% of patients were women. Nineteen [0.8%] had history of hypokalemic periodic paralysis especially in warm months and all were males with Graves' disease and their mean age were 30.2 +/- 10.7 years. ECG disturbance and paralysis of respiratory muscles were not detected in any patients. The mean serum potassium level during paralysis was 2.6 +/- 0.67 mEq/L. Predisposing factors for paralysis attacks were physical overexertion, carbohydrates and sweets consumption, infections, and corticosteroid injection. No predisposing factor was found in 9 [47.3%] of the patients. There were no episodes of hypokalemic periodic paralysis after successful treatment of hyperthyroidism in any patients. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis was mainly seen in males with Graves' disease in warm climate and after discontinuation of anti-thyroid treatment. No episodes of paralysis were detected after successful treatment of hyperthyroidism

[Recommendation of a standard method for age estimation in Iranian population based on two dental parameters]

The aim of this study was to define a standard formula for age estimation based on two dental parameters proposed by Lamendin in Iranian population. Immediately after atrumatic extraction of 333 single rooted teeth of deceased bodies with known age and sex in Tehran Medical Legal Organization, the transparency, periodontosis and their indices were analyzed, and age estimated by Lamendin method. The correlations of various parameters were evaluated. A regression analysis was made and the age were analyzed by this method. The differences between estimated age by Lamendin, regression analysis and actual age were studied. The correlation of transparency [0.891] and periodontosis [0.778] for age estimation were greater than their indices [P<0.0001].It seemed that it is better to use these parameters directly in the formula, therefore, separate formula was proposed for men and women. By evaluating the proposed formulas, it was noticed that the lower lateral incisors showed the greatest correlation with actual age. Contrary to Lamendin, in most of the age group of Iranian race population, the lower lateral incisor is more precise tooth to estimate the age based on analysis of two mentioned parameter and also based on the proposed tooth in the present formula, the range of bias reduced and the over and under estimation of more than 5 years is less. It is recommended that the applicability of the proposed formulas to be studied with greater sample size in all age groups in Iranian Medical Legal Organization

Molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] aquaculture in Iran

Streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute systemic disease that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. The aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] production of Iran. 108 Gram positive cocci isolates were obtained from diseased trout in seven provinces with major trout production during 2008 till 2009. These bacterial isolates were characterized using phenotypic and molecular studies. The isolates were also analysed phylogeneticaly and compared with the available data. 49 samples [45.37%] were identified as Streptococcus iniae, 37 samples [35.2%] matched with Lactococcus garvieae; and 22 samples [19.43%] were identified as members of Streptooccus genus by culture-based and biochemical tests of API 50 CH, API 20 STREP and rapid 32 STREP systems. Using universal primers for differentiation of Streptococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp, all 108 samples were identified as Streptococcus sp. with a target region of 500 bp. Single specific PCR resulted in identification of 64 [59.2%] isolates as S. iniae and 44 [40.8%] isolates as L. garvieae. The phylogenetic analysis of the S. iniae isolates resulted in maximal similarity to some strains reported from Taiwan and to all Brazilian strains. Also, one strain showed less sequence similarity values with other tested strains although this strain has high similarity with ATCC 29178 strain, all reported Chinese, and some Taiwanian strains. Also, analysis of S. iniae LctO gene sequence showed that this isolate clustered within the S. iniae group. The sequence analysis of L. garvieae strains also showed that they have maximum similarity to all Japanese and Chinese strains, but one strain has lower sequence similarity values with all other recorded strains. The results of this study clearly show that trout farming in Iran is severely affected by both species of S. iniae and L. garvieae and requires serious preventive criteria