Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea and protexin on systemic and mucosal immune response to Newcastle diseases virus vaccination [VG/GA strain] in commercial turkey poults

Background: it is important to understand the efficacy of immunoregulatory materials, herbal remedies or probiotics, in different parts of immune system following vaccination with different tropism

Objectives: aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Echinacea purpurea and a probiotic [protexin] on systemic and mucosal immune response in turkey

Methods: a total of 288 1-day-old male turkey poults were randomized into 6 groups as follow: Group T1: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water and Newcastle disease virus [NDV] vaccine, Group T2: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water and NDV vaccine, Group T3: Positive control, turkey received NDV vaccine without any additives. Group T4: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water without NDV vaccine. Group T5: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water without NDV vaccine, Group T6: Negative control group, neither vaccinated against NDV vaccine nor given additives. At age of 10 and 20 days, poults were vaccinated with Villegas-Glisson/University of Georgia [VG/GA] strain of Newcastle disease vaccine by eye dropper method. For systemic and mucosal antibody analyses, blood samples and tracheal lavages were collected at different ages. The titers of antibody against NDV were measured using ELISA and HI tests

Results: addition of Echinacea to the water increased the systemic IgG, IgA and HI compared to the positive control group. Protexin supplementation to the water of T2 turkeys increased serum IgG and both total and specific IgA compared to the T3 group turkeys. Generally, turkeys that were supplemented with probiotic had higher specific and total tracheal IgA antibody levels than the other vaccinated groups. Among vaccinated turkeys only T1 group showed significantly higher HI antibody titers on day 42

Conclusions: results indicated that systemic and mucosal immunity of turkeys following vaccination against Newcastle disease [ND] could be improved by supplementation of Echinacea and probiotic. The effect of Echinacea purpurea on systemic immunity of turkeys seemed more pronounced than on mucosal immunity; further, the effect of probiotic on mucosal immunity was more obvious

Detection of cytolethal distending toxin [cdt] Genes in Campylo-bacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from the intestinal of commercial broiler chickens, turkey and quail of Iran

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are zoonotic bacteria which are frequently associated with human diarrhea. Sharing of the cytolethal distending toxin [cdt] genes in Campylobacter is common and is considered species specific. In this study we focused on detecting the presence of cdt gene in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from broilers, turkeys and quails of Iran. Cecal samples were randomly collected from 240 broiler chickens, 100 meat type turkeys and 100 quails after slaughtering. We used PCR as a method for detecting cdt genes. In broilers, 93% of 58 C jejuni positive samples possessed cdt gene and in all cases the three different subunits of cdt genes were present. However, only 56% of 14 C. coli isolates in broilers had contained cdt genes, while one fourth having all three subunits present. In turkeys, around 65% of 34 C. jejuni positive samples had cdt gene present with 38% possessing all three subunits of cdt genes. But all 5 C. coli isolates had all three subunits cdt gene. In quails, 67% of 30 C. jejuni positive samples were identified by cdt gene, 20% of those possessed all three gene subunits. On the other hand, all 28 C. coli isolates of quails had cdt gene present while 36% of those held all three gene subunits. Our data is indicating the isolation, culture and cdt PCR amplification approaches in this study seemed to be efficient. However, the presence of different variation of Campylobacter cdt gene types in our sample isolates signifies the necessity of further functional gene studies to elucidate which gene type combinations result in encoding effective toxins

Detection of cytolethal distending toxin [cdt] genes of Campylobacter Jejuni and Coli in fecal samples of pet birds in Iran

Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common bacterial intestinal disorders of humans in many countries. A wide range of domestic and wild bird species have been identified as natural reservoirs. The aim of this study was to determine the Campylobacter spp from pet birds and screen the determined Campylobacters for presence of virulence cytolethal distending toxin [cdt] genes. A total of 660 fecal samples from 32 different species of pet birds were taken and examined for detection of Campylobacter spp. and were investigated for presence of cdt genes. All the samples were collected from clinically healthy birds that were kept in cage, zoological parks, and/ or in zoo of Tehran, the capital of Iran. RESULTS: In total, 20 thermophilic Campylobacter were detected from 8 different avian species. From 20 confirmed Campylobacter spp., 16 samples [80%] were C.jejuni positive and 4 [20%] were C. coli in species-specific PCR test. Furthermore, out of 20 detected Campylobacter, 13 [65%] harbored the various subunits of cdt A, cdtB and cdtC genes, and 7 [35%] were negative for all tested cdt genes. Our findings indicate that the carriage rate of Campylobacter in different species of cage and/or in zoo birds is high and confirm that cdt genes may frequently be present in Campylobacter spp.

Comparative study on the beneficial effects of different dark length schedules on the incidence of ascites and metabolic parameters in fast growing broiler chickens

Increasing of oxygen consumption in fast growing broiler chickens is associated with the more pronounced occurrence of right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites. While, rearing of susceptible chickens in dark condition could reduce the metabolic rate of birds and hence the incidence of ascites. The present study was designed to investigate a comparative study on the influence of different dark-length schedules on the incidence of ascites and metabolic parameters in fast growing broiler chickens. A total of 1000 day-old [Pure Sir Broiler Line Arian] chickens were obtained and subjected to four different lighting programs. Dead birds were autopsied for the lesions of ascites. Weekly growth performance of chickens was determined and blood samples were taken, on days 7, 12, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of age for hormonal analysis. The incidence of ascites was clearly higher in birds subjected to normal lighting program compared with those of dark exposed chickens. Control chickens showed significantly higher body weight compared to the dark exposure group birds at day 21 of age, while it did not differ at days 28, 35 and 42 of age. Such differences was accompanied with the lower levels of plasma T3 and T4 concentrations in dark group chickens than to control chickens at the earlier age [days 12 and 21]. This phenomenon indicated a reduction of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in dark group chickens that had been led to reducing of ascites incidence. Our data proves that increasing dark-length instead of continuous lighting may be beneficial for rearing of broiler chickens, especially, when the risk of ascites incidence is higher

[Acomparative study on the colonization of Salmonella enteritidis hilA mutant and its parent strains in laying hens]

BACKGROUND: Several regulatory proteins are involved in Salmonella invasion. The key regulator of SPI-1 [Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 ] is hilA, a transcriptional activator encoded on SPI-1 that regulates the expression of the SPI-1 secretion system

OBJECTIVES: Importance of hilA mutation on S. enteritidis colonization and shedding in layer hens was evaluated in a longterm experiment

METHODS:Two groups of layer hens were orally inoculated with 1010 CFU of hilA and parent strains of S. enteritidis, consequently. At days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 35 post-inoculation samples were taken from cloaca and different parts of digestive and reproduction systems of euthanized birds

RESULTS: In the birds infected with parent strain, the higher numbers of colonizing bacteria in the liver, spleen, caecum, small intestine and cloacavagina were observed. Fecal shedding in this group was also higher than the hilA group. However, no significant differences were observed for the colonization of bacteria in magnum, isthmus and infundibulum of both groups

Using PCR method, hilA gene was only detected in tissues of parent group hens

CONCLUSIONS:This study has shown that the hilA mutant is able to colonize in internal organs; an implication of this is the possibility that genes other than hilA, or at least other mechanisms, might be involved in the invasion of S. enteritidis to the internal organs of birds

[ case report of a rare variation in arising branches of brachial artery]

Variations in the arterial pattern of the upper limb are abundant and diverse and have been observed frequently either in cadaver dissection or in clinical practice and reports. In the most of these reports, radial or ulnar arteries were commonly involved, which can be damaged during surgical procedures. This report presents a case of a rare variation in arising branches of brachial artery. During routine anatomical dissection of a cadaver about 65-years-old Caucasian male, in anatomy department of Birjand University of Medical Sciences a variation in ulnar artery was observed. This variant artery arose from the lower third of the brachial artery, passed subcutaneously in the forearm. In the hand, this artery coursed over the flexor retinaculum and anastomosed with the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery to create the superficial palmar arch. Common interosseus and ulnar recurrent branches, arose from the radial artery, instead of, the ulnar artery in cubital fossa. As the radial and the ulnar arteries are widely used in cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, arterial injections in the forearm, as well as cardiac surgery and kidney transplantation, hence, awareness of their variations are important clinically

[Relationship between social support with depression and anxiety during third trimester pregnancy]

This assumption is becoming increasingly accepted within scientific community that variations in fetal environment may have long-lasting over even permanent effects. Considering to alleviator factors of depression and anxiety seems necessary. The Aim of this study was to examine relationship between social support with depression and anxiety during third trimester pregnancy. In correlational study, 95 pregnant women in the city of Shiraz who were selected using several stage cluster sampling in summer of 1387 completed three questionnaires, Social Support, Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy. To analyze, we used Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analyze. Data analysis showed a negative correlation between social support and depression of third trimester pregnancy [P=0.001], but no significant relationship between social support and anxiety during three trimester pregnancy was found [P=0.09]. Findings of this study show that depression third trimester pregnancy will decrease of increase if social support increase or decrease. This result can be used by the specialists who work with pregnant woman's mental health

[Comparison of four different types of carriers for the growth of vero cells and propagating rabies virus for production of human rabies vaccine]

In this study, capability of Vero cells for growth on FibraCel disks were compared on 3 kinds of microcarriers including Cytodex-1, Cutodex-3, and Sigma Solohill in 500 ml Spinner flasks in both serum contained medium [DMEM+10% Fetal Calf Serum, FCS] and serum-free medium [VP-SFM]. The propagation of fixed PV [Pasteur Virus] strain of rabies in Vero cells, for production of rabies vaccine, grown under the above conditions were studied and compared. Stepwise perfusion mode in growth phase and batch mode were applied in the virus production step by the use of M199 +0.2% Bovine Serum Albumin [BSA] and VP-SFM as serum containing and serum-free media, respectively. The available surface area provided by the carriers, and primary cell density in the experiments were assumed the same [about 12,000 cm[2] and 12,500 cells/cm[2], respectively]. The highest cell density was achieved on FibraCel disks in DMEM equal to 7.1 +/- 0.7_10[6] cells /ml on day 9, while the lowest cell density was obtianed on Cytodex-3 in VP-SFM equal to 2.91 +/- 0.2_10[6] cells/ml. The highest virus titer [55.18 +/- 4.4_10[6] Fluorescent Focus Unit, FFU/ml] was gained in VP-SFM containing FibraCel disks, and the lowest titer [3.66 +/- 0.4 _10[6] FFU/ml] was resulted on Cytodex-3 in M199. In these experiments, FibraCel disks supported the growth of Vero cells better than the microcarriers, and the use of DMEM for propagation of Vero cells and VP-SFM for proliferation of rabies virus showed better results. The experimental vaccine prepared by collected virus from VP-SFM has an acceptable potency of 2.75 IU. Based on these results and to the relative ease for making FibraCel disks, we recommend the use of this carrier for propagation of Vero cells and production of rabies virus

Relationship between venous blood gas parameters, thyroid hormone levels and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens exposed to cold temperature

The objective of this study was to find a relationship between blood gas parameters and thyroid hormone activity with ascites syndrome in broiler chickens exposed to cold temperature and receiving a high quality diet. One hundred and sixty one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided in two equal groups. To increase the incidence of ascites, chicks of group 1 were fed ad libitum with a higher condensed diet and reared under a lower ambient temperature. Weekly, blood gas parameters and thyroid hormone levels were measured and growth performance was recorded. The hearts of dead and slaughtered birds were examined for determination of arterial pressure index [API] values. Ascites incidence was clearly higher in cold-exposing chickens compared with normal rearing chickens. The mean values of carbon dioxide tension of group 1 chickens were significantly higher compared with group 2 chickens at the 4th and 5th weeks of age, while the phenomenon of oxygen was reversed in these two experimental groups. The function of thyroid hormone levels were changed at week 4 of age, as observed for blood gas parameters. In conclusion, the present study showed a significant association between thyroid hormones functions, the levels of venous blood carbon dioxide and oxygen pressures in the two groups of chickens

Anatomical parameters of cardiopulmonary system, venous blood pCO[2] and pO[2] tensions and the development of ascites syndrome in two genetic line chickens that are differing in their growth rate

The present study was designed to examine the anatomical parameters of the cardiopulmonary system, the function of venous blood gas parameters and the development of ascites incidence in two genetic line chickens. Three hundred forty day-old chickens from two pure broiler breeder lines, which were different in their growth rate and susceptibility to ascites syndrome were obtained. The relative heart an lung weights, the volumes of the heart, lung and thorax cavity, the incidence of ascites, and the venous blood gas parameters in these two genetic line chickens were followed. In the present study, the incidence of ascites and right ventricular hypertrophy was markedly higher in the fast-growing broiler chickens compared to the slow-growing chickens, as two genetic line chickens exhibited significant differences in their growth performance traits. The volumes of the thorax cavity, before and after removing the heart and lung tissues, were lower in fast-growing broiler chickens compared to the slow-growing chickens. The relative lung volume was significantly lower in the fast growth chickens than the slow growth chickens at the earlier age, but it did not differ at the later age. Additionally, a rise in carbon dioxide tension and a decline in oxygen pressure in the venous blood of rapid growth compared to the slow growth broiler chickens were observed. It could be concluded that there is an association between the insufficiencies of the cardiopulmonary system with the function of the venous blood gas parameters and the development of ascites syndrome in fast growing broiler chickens

Effect of chronic hypoxia during the early stage of incubation on prenatal and postnatal parameters related to ascites syndrome in broiler chickens

To investigate the influence of hypoxia during the early stage of incubation on embryonic development and hatching events, and consequently on incidence of ascites in broiler chickens, one thousand fertile eggs were incubated in two commercial incubators. Half the eggs were incubated in a low attitude incubator until hatched. The second half were incubated in a high altitude incubator until day 10 and then transferred to a low altitude incubator. Day-old chicks from each group were housed and reared at a high altitude farm. Chicks from the high altitude incubator hatched earlier and showed significantly higher body weights than their counterparts in the lower altitude. High altitude embryos indicated significantly [P<0.001] higher plasma corticosterone, T3 and T4 levels at day 10 and 19 of incubation. During the growing period, high altitude hatched chickens indicated lower right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites mortality than the low altitude hatched chickens. These results indicated that early prenatal hypoxia due to high altitude may change the endocrine functions of embryos, enhanced embryo growth, shorten the hatching process of chickens and consequently decrease the incidence of ascites incidence in broiler chickens

Endogenous and environmental factors interactions that contribute to the development of ascites in broiler chickens: a review

The increasing susceptibility of broiler chickens to ascites syndrome has coincided with a continuing genetic and nutritional improvement in their feed efficiency and growth rate. Ascites is multifactorial and interactions between environmental and endogenous factors play a particularly important role. The selection of fast growing broilers for high feed efficiency, which is characterized by hypothyroidism, can consequently lead to a mismatch between oxygen [O[2] delivery and O[2] demands. This results in anoxia, hypoxemia and hypoxia. Such selection processes have also resulted in the development of birds with changed anatomical, physiological, metabolic and hematological parameters, including thyroid hormone activity, partial pressure of O[2] and carbon dioxide in venous blood, cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors, and hematocrit levels that coincide with susceptibility to ascites in broiler chickens. Observations to date indicate that the structural or endocrine changes that are often linked with ascites susceptibility may be influenced during the early stages of development, embryogenesis and incubation. In this review, particular attention will be paid to the interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors as predisposing factors for the development of ascites syndrome. Additionally, preventive management procedures will be highlighted, such as different lighting schedules, feed restriction protocols and the supplementation of feed with antioxidants, which reduce the incidence of ascites by altering the metabolic load of broiler chickens amongst other factors

Teratogenic effects of gabapentin on the skeletal system of balb/C mice fetuses

To evaluate the effects of gabapentin [GBP] administration on mice fetuses. This study was carried out in Birjand University of Medical Sciences during 2008. Thirty Balb/c pregnant mice were divided randomly into 3 groups: 2 experimental groups that received 25 mg/kg [I] and 50 mg/kg [II] of GBP intraperitoneally for the first 15 days of pregnancy, and a control group that received normal saline. External observations of day 18 fetuses and skeleton double staining were performed. Both experimental groups showed similar disorders that can be categorized as the following: 1] decrease of fetal body weight and increase of fetal resorption, 2] macroscopic malformations, and 3] skeletal malformations. Fetal body weights were significantly lower, and fetus resorptions were significantly higher in both treated groups compared to the control group. Macroscopic malformations included exencephaly, limbs defects, brachygnathia, vertebral column deformity, and fetuses with severe retarded growth. Skeletal malformations included delayed ossification, scoliosis, calvaria deformity, and mandibular hypoplasia. This study revealed that GBP can induce previously unreported severe malformations if it is used continuously during the implantation, neurulation, and organogenesis stages of pregnancy. Therefore, it is suggested that great caution should be exercised in using GBP during the early stages of pregnancy until further studies are performed to better understand these effects

Assessment of effect of Quran sound and music on intrauterine insemination

In this study, we've evaluated the effects of the voice of Quran and music as two kinds of complementary medicine on the intrauterine insemination. This clinical trial study was down on the 327 infertile couples, referred to the infertility center of MashhadUniversity of Medical Science in 2005. Infertile women were selected based on purpose. They divided randomizely into 3 groups include: Quran, music and control. Before, during and after IUI [intrauterine insemination], 110 patients listen to Quran, 105 patients listen to music and 112 patients were control groups. The patients were entered to the study that had good mental health by completing general health questionnaire. Data gathered via observe exam and experience. Analysis was down with use of T-test, Chi-square statistical tests by SPSS and Excel software. Mean of age in the female and male, infertility duration, job, induction ovulation method, endometrial wide and follicular count before treatment were not significantly different in the 3 groups. We had 18 IUI positive cases per cycle [16.36%] in Quran group, this rate in music and control groups were 10 [9.52%] and 6 [5.35%] respectively. Theraputic response was significantly different between music and control groups [P=0.007], which shows the effect of the voice of Quran in infertility treatment, but there was no significant differences between music and control groups [P=0.18] nor between Quran and music groups [P=0.1]. The effect of Quran sound on the infertility treatment by intrauterine insemination was more than music

Quantitative determination of methanol in plant water produced in Mashhad by spectrophotometry method

Methanol is a toxic aliphatic alcohol that is widely used in industry as a solvent. Poisonings occur from accidental or awareness ingestion of it. In this study, the amount of methanol in ten plant water was evaluated. Five samples from each plant waters that related to six factories collected and analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the highest [1477.7 +/- 23.8 ppm] and the lowest [79.4 +/- 3 ppm] amount of methanol was related to dill and egiptial willow water, respectively. Since, the chronic use of plant water may induce methanol toxicity, it is recommended to determine a safe limit for it

Dermatoglyphic assessment in down and klinefelter syndromes

Dermatoglyphics are the dermal ridge configurations on the digits, palms and soles. Dermatoglyphic polymorphism results from the co-operation of genetic and environmental factors. The Dermatoglyphic analysis is a valuable completion of initial diagnosis of some syndromes genetically determined. Our objective was to assess dermatoglyphics study results against standard chromosomal analysis in Down and Klinefelter syndromes. In this study we applied clear plastic tape and graphite powder for finger and palm prints of 90 persons. Cy-togenetic study was also performed for patients with Down [n=29] and Klinefelter [n=22] syndromes and 39 normal individuals who served as the control group. Dermatoglyphic investigations indicated that in Down syndrome, simian line, ulnar loops, whorl, t", t" and f were significant, whereas arch and interdigital III pattern were more indicative for Klinefelter syndrome. Dermatoplyphic can be used both as an initial diagnostic step and for screening purposes

Qualitative evaluation of fluoride ions in different sodium fluoride tablet formulations used for children

Use of fluoride tablet is one of the several ways of fluoridation in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the systemic absorption of fluoride from a generic sodium fluoride tablet, in comparison with a commercial one. This was a double-blind, cross over study. Following ingestion of 1 mg of fluoride in a generic or commercial form, urine samples were collected from 27 healthy boys aged 8-10 years old over a 24-hour period. The urine samples were analyzed by potentiometeric method using fluoride ion selective electrode. Under the identical conditions, the mean 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion rate of the subjects before taking any generic and commercial fluoride tablets were 15.87 +/- 4.68 and 17.51 +/- 6.40 micro g/hr, respectively. The average rates of 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion of the subjects were 25.74 +/- 6.75 and 28.21 +/- 9.23 micro g/hr after the ingestion of generic and commercial fluoride tables, respectively. The mean cumulative amounts of fluoride ion excreted in 24-hour urine collection were 28% and 22% of the administered doses of commercial and generic fluoride tablets, respectively. Results indicated that the systemic absorption of the fluoride ion released from the generic tablet is not significantly different from the commercial one. Therefore, it can be suggested that the tested generic tablets is bioequivalent to the commercial ones

[Evaluation of urinary fluoride excretion following NaF mouth rinse prescription in 6-12 years old children]

Sodium fluoride mouthrinses have been effective in preventing caries in numerous clinical trials during the past 50 years. The purpose of this study was to asses the oral retention, or ingested and urinary excretion of fluoride with the use of Naf mouthrinse. 45 school children at the ages of 6 to 12 years at a day and night [residential] nursery were selected. The amount of fluoride in their drinking water was about 0.2ppm. At the first part of study, before using mouthrinse children were instructed to brush their teeth at bedtime with non fluoride dentifrice. The salivary specimens were gathered the same night after brushing, but specimens from the urine were gathered the next morning. In the second part, the same specimens were taken after using the 0.2% Naf mouthrinse [1 minute with 5ml]. The difference between amount taken orally and the one not recovered in the expectoration is amount of fluoride retained orally and potentially ingested. Fluoride concentration in the urine and saliva was measured by means of potentiometer device. The data were analysed by the statistical package of Graphpad instat and using paired sample t.test, and analysis of variance. The numerical values are shown as mean +/- sd. The fluoride retained during mouthrinsing ranged from 1.07 to 2.42mg F, with the average of 1.7 +/- 0.32mg F. The amount of F excreted before and after mouthrinsing was 110.56 +/- 40.46 microg and 201.27 +/- 70.45 microg respectively. The urinary fluoride excretion rate before and after mouthrinsing was 13.87 +/- 5.05 and 24.68 +/- 9.35 respectively. These results indicated that more than 1/3 of the applicated solution is orally retained or potentially ingested. There was significant difference between the amount of urinary fluoride excretion rate before and after mouthrinse application [P<0.0001]. Amount of fluoride existing in fluoride mouthrinse might be swallod and ingested, therefore necessary caution should be consider inorder to recommend this fluoride regimen in school children. The potential ingestion may be considered unimportant, but since there are many other sources of fluoride such as dentifrices, fluoride accumulation may be a cause of increasing the fluorosis risk. So, training and teaching school personel about proper use of mouthrinse is of great priority

[ relationship between maternal position and result of non-stress test among high risk pregnancy women]

Perinatal assessment tests such as non-stress test is required to decrease fetus and infant morbidity and mortality rate. It is a type of screening test for fetal surveillance. There are several factors including the maternal position which affect the results of non-stress test. To evaluate the relationship between maternal position and the results of non-stress test in high risk pregnant women. This was a clinical trial, carried out on 150 patients, hospitalized in Alzahra medical center, Tabriz, Iran, in 2003. The cases were singleton pregnant women with gestation period between 32 to 42 weeks. The first patient was randomly assigned to a [sitting first] [semi-Fowler position] or [supine first] [left lateral position] and then the position was alternated. Fetal heart rate monitoring was performed for ten minutes. A non-probability purposive method was used for sampling. Data were collected using check lists and sample select forms. The data were further analyzed using both descriptive [means, standard deviation] and analytical statistics [chi-squared test, McNemar test]. The average maternal gestational age was 36.67 weeks and the majority of mothers were nuliparous [51.3%]. There were no significant correlations between both demographic characteristic and maternal positions [Semi-Fowler and Left lateral positions] with results of non-stress test. According to the results of present study, either of position could be used while performing a non-stress test

Effects of karyotype variations on phenotype of patients with turner syndrome

Turner syndrome [TS] is a sporadic disorder caused by the absence of all or some parts one X-chromosome with major developmental consequences such as short stature and ovarian failure etc. The minor manifestations of TS are cubitus valgus, micrognatism, high-arched palate, short and/or webbed neck, hypothyroidism, etc. Different karyotype abnormalities may lead to different clinical features; therefore, in this study we have tried to postulate karyotype-phenotype correlations in these patients. In order to assess karyotype-phenotype correlations, 209 proven TS patients were studied and chromosomal analysis was performed on the basis of G-banding technique at high resolution. According to cytogenetic findings, karyotype abnormalities were classified into four groups: classic form 19%; mosaic form 76%; long arm isochromosome 4% and short arm deletion 1%. Clinical manifestations were more severe in classic TS rather than the other forms of chromosomal abnormalities. The results of this study suggest that karyotype variations might affect phenotype of Turner syndrome. Therefore, chromosomal investigation for all suspected cases of Turner syndrome should be considered in order to approach an appropriate treatment protocol