The global distribution of permanent canine hypodontia: A systematic review / 대한치과교정학회지

Objective@#To systematically review studies on canine agenesis prevalence in different populations and continents, based on the jaw, sex, location, and associated dental anomalies. @*Methods@#Electronic and hand searches of English literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, OpenGrey, and Science Direct were conducted, and the authors were contacted when necessary. Observational studies (population-based, hospital/clinic-based, and cross-sectional) were included. For study appraisal and synthesis, duplicate selection was performed independently by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using a modified Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist, with main outcome of prevalence of canine agenesis. @*Results@#The global population prevalence of canine agenesis was 0.30% (0.0−4.7%), highest in Asia (0.54%), followed by Africa (0.33%), and the least in Europe and South America (0.19% in both continents). Canine agenesis was more common in the maxilla (88.57%), followed by both maxilla and mandible (8.57%), and the least common was mandible-only presentation (2.86%). The condition was more common in females (female:male ratio = 1.23), except in Asia (female:male ratio = 0.88) and Africa (female:male ratio = 1). In Asia, unilateral agenesis was almost twice as prevalent as bilateral, but in Europe, the bilateral form was more common. @*Conclusions@#The overall prevalence of canine agenesis is 0.30%, with the highest prevalence in Asia, followed by Africa, Europe, and South America.The condition is more common in the maxilla than the mandible, and in females than males (except in Asia and Africa), with unilateral agenesis being more common in Asia and the bilateral form showing a greater prevalence in Europe.

Traumatic Frontal Sinus Fractures Management: Experience from HighTrauma Centre / 대한신경손상학회지

Objective@#Analysis of our traumatic brain injury data, reviewing current literatures and assessing planning valuable decision making in frontal sinus fracture for young neurosurgeons. @*Methods@#Hospital data base for head trauma was retrieved after board permission for retrospective analysis of cases admitted from 2010–2020. Patients with frontal sinus fractures and head trauma were identified according to a flow chart. Variables of the study included patients' demographics, mechanism of injury, incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, types of associated injuries, imaging findings and operative techniques. @*Results@#Three-hundred eighty two patients were eligible to be screened in our study and represented the sample size under investigations in the following sections, 206 (53.9%) of patients were treated conservatively while 176 patients (46.1%) were identified as having an indication for surgical intervention. Eighty-four percent of patients were males. The mean age was 36.2±9.4 years (14–86 years). Depressed skull fracture was commonly associated injury (17.61%). Leakage of CSF was found in 32.95% of patients. @*Conclusion@#Frontal sinus fracture is not an easy scenario. It harbors many proportions and deliver many varieties in which, deep understanding of anatomy, naso-frontal outflow tract status, CSF leakage and neurological injury are of important points in decision. Our institutional algorithm provide rapid, accessible and applicable treatment protocol for resident and young neurosurgeons which minimizes consultations of other specialties.

The global distribution of permanent canine hypodontia: A systematic review / 대한치과교정학회지

Objective@#To systematically review studies on canine agenesis prevalence in different populations and continents, based on the jaw, sex, location, and associated dental anomalies. @*Methods@#Electronic and hand searches of English literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, OpenGrey, and Science Direct were conducted, and the authors were contacted when necessary. Observational studies (population-based, hospital/clinic-based, and cross-sectional) were included. For study appraisal and synthesis, duplicate selection was performed independently by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using a modified Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist, with main outcome of prevalence of canine agenesis. @*Results@#The global population prevalence of canine agenesis was 0.30% (0.0−4.7%), highest in Asia (0.54%), followed by Africa (0.33%), and the least in Europe and South America (0.19% in both continents). Canine agenesis was more common in the maxilla (88.57%), followed by both maxilla and mandible (8.57%), and the least common was mandible-only presentation (2.86%). The condition was more common in females (female:male ratio = 1.23), except in Asia (female:male ratio = 0.88) and Africa (female:male ratio = 1). In Asia, unilateral agenesis was almost twice as prevalent as bilateral, but in Europe, the bilateral form was more common. @*Conclusions@#The overall prevalence of canine agenesis is 0.30%, with the highest prevalence in Asia, followed by Africa, Europe, and South America.The condition is more common in the maxilla than the mandible, and in females than males (except in Asia and Africa), with unilateral agenesis being more common in Asia and the bilateral form showing a greater prevalence in Europe.

Impact of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Role of Gut Hormones Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine and Glucagon Like Peptide 1on Remission of Diabetes

Our Study Aimed: To investigate the effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on obese T2DM patients, its effect in remission of diabetes and role of gastrointestinal Glucagon like peptide 1(GLP1) and Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) hormones.Metabolic surgery should be recommended as an option in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 Kg/m2, in patients who have BMI ≥35 Kg/m2and in selected patients with BMI < 35 Kg/m2, if not achieving diabetes control with maximum tolerated anti-hyperglycemic treatment. Methods:30 T2DM patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy after full clinical evaluation, routine blood tests, glucagon like peptide 1, Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (fasting, 0.5-hour post-mixed meal test (MMT) serum levels) and upper GIT endoscopy. Follow-up visits were at 3, 6and 9 months postoperatively to evaluate body weight, BMI and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and at 18thmonth for confirmation of diabetes remission. Gut hormones were measured at 15 days and 9 months postoperatively.Results: (53.3%) of patients had partial remission of T2DM according to HbA1C remission criteria. There was significant increase in fasting and post-MMT levels of peptide tyrosine tyrosine, glucagon like peptide 1 postoperatively. The only independent predictors for remission of T2DM were the baseline serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Ch), duration of diabetes, preoperative post MMT Peptide tyrosine tyrosine plasma level, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and age. Conclusions: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomycan induce partial remission of diabetes in younger patients who had shorter duration of diabetes, higher level of preoperative post-MMT peptide tyrosine tyrosine,lower levels of preoperative serum LDL-Ch and thyroid stimulating hormone

Complications encountered during Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fixed functional appliances are non-compliant solutions to Class II malocclusion treatment. The clinician, however, should be careful of unexpected complications during the therapy. Methods: 58 female adolescents who presented with Class II malocclusion due to deficient mandible were treated with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD) therapy until an overcorrection to an edge to edge incisor relationship was achieved. Results: Incisor relationship and overjet were corrected successfully in all the subjects. Twenty-two patients had a complications-free treatment, while several complications were encountered with the remaining 36 subjects. In particular, mandibular canine rotation and development of posterior crossbites were the most common complications, with percentages of 51.7% and 25.9% respectively. Other complications included the breakage and shearing of the extraoral tubes of the first molar bands, and excessive intrusion of the upper first molars. Conclusions: FFRD is an efficient appliance for treatment of Class II malocclusion; however, different complications were encountered during the appliance therapy. A focus on taking precautions and applying preventive measures can help to avoid such problems, reducing the number of emergency appointments and enhancing the treatment experience with the appliance.

RESUMO Introdução: Os aparelhos funcionais fixos são uma solução para o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II em pacientes não colaboradores. Porém, o ortodontista deve estar ciente das complicações inesperadas decorrentes do seu uso. Métodos: Cinquenta e oito pacientes adolescentes do sexo feminino com má oclusão de Classe II por deficiência mandibular foram tratadas com o aparelho Forsus FRD até se alcançar uma sobrecorreção, com relação de topo a topo dos incisivos. Resultados: A relação entre os incisivos e a sobressaliência foram corrigidas com sucesso em todas as pacientes. Vinte e duas pacientes não apresentaram complicações durante o tratamento, enquanto as demais trinta e seis pacientes apresentaram diferentes complicações. As complicações mais comuns foram a rotação do canino inferior e o desenvolvimento de mordida cruzada posterior, com prevalência de 51,7% e 25,9%, respectivamente. As demais complicações incluíram quebra e cisalhamento dos tubos extrabucais das bandas dos primeiros molares, e intrusão excessiva dos primeiros molares superiores. Conclusões: O FRD é um aparelho eficiente para o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II. No entanto, diferentes complicações foram encontradas durante o uso desse aparelho. O foco na tomada de precauções e em medidas preventivas pode ajudar a evitar tais complicações, reduzindo o número de consultas de emergência e melhorando a experiência do paciente no tratamento com esse aparelho.

TGF-B1 IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION

The transforming growth factor-beta[1] is an important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties may have a role in pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. The main purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of TGF- beta[1] in a group of chronic HBV infected [CHB] patients as well as healthy individuals and to determine the correlation between the TOF- beta[1] and stages of fibrosis in CHB patients. A case control study using forty patients with CHB as well as forty healthy individuals. ELISA technique was applied to measure the serum level of TGF- beta[1] in both patient and control groups. We used the data of the liver biopsy of CHB patients to make a correlation between TGF- beta[1] and stages of fibrosis. Our results revealed that the serum levels of TGF- beta[1] -were significantly increased in CHB patients [1958.0 +/- 730.26pg/ml] in comparison to healthy controls [944.4 +/- 5 73.24 pg/ml] [P<0.0001]. Serum levels of TGF- beta[1] -was significantly increased in F2-F3 [2600.0 +/- 472.69pg/ml] in comparison to FO-F1[1483.5 +/- 478.54 pg/ml] [P < 0.0001]. The sludy concluded that high serum levels of TGF-fl may be a mechanism by which immune response against IIBV is suppressed. The serum level of TGF- beta[1] is a potential noninvasive marker for diagnosis of liver fibrosis in CHB patients

Expanding the comprehensive national neonatal screening programme in the United Arab Emirates from 1995 to 2011

The national neonatal screening programme in the United Arab Emirates currently includes 16 disorders: congenital hypothyroidism, sickle-cell diseases, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, biotinidase deficiency and 12 amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders. This paper reports data since the programme started in January 1995 up to December 2011 on the incidence of screened disorders and the molecular basis of positive screened cases. Screening used a combination of tandem mass spectrometry, molecular technologies and biochemical analysis. A total of 750 365 infants were screened and 717 babies saved from associated morbidity and/or mortality. The incidence of screened disorders were 1:1 873 for congenital hypothyroidism, 1:14 544 for phenylketonuria, 1:3 526 for amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders, 1:9 030 for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1:8 300 for biotinidase deficiency, 1:2 384 for sickle-cell disease and 1:121 for sickle-cell traits. Coverage of neonatal screening in the population reached 95% in 2010

Biochemical, histological and histochemical studies of oat [Avena sativa] on hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids in the blood stream and these lipids include: fats, fatty acids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia is associated with hepatic fat accumulation. Six groups [5rat/group] of female albino [Rattus albinus] were used. The 1[st] group used as control, in the 2[nd] group Hyperlipidemia [25% fat and 2% cholesterol] was induced for 3 weeks only then sacrified, the 3[rd] group was hyperlipidemic rats for 3 weeks then left other 3 weeks without any additional treatment as a recovery period, the 4[th] group served as hyperlipidemic group for 3 weeks then treated with Avena sativa for another 3 weeks [200 g/Kg diet], the 5[th] group was hyperlipidemic [25% fat and 2% cholesterol] for 6 weeks and the 6[th] group served as hyperlipidemic rats for 6 weeks, and at the same time given Avena sativa in diet [200 g/Kg diet]. The biochemical parameters showed highly significant increase in body weight, serum glucose, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, while there was highly significant decrease in HDL- cholesterol.Many histopathological and histochemical changes were detected in liver tissue of the hyperlipidemic rats. Meanwhile, the treatment with oat ameliorated the biochemical parameters, histological and histochemical results. It is recommend to use oat in diets for hyperlipidemic patients or those people who have hyperlipidemic family history

Knowledge and practices of pregnant women about folic acid in pregnancy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

This study assessed the knowledge and practices about folic acid in pregnancy among pregnant women attending 2 main maternal and child health centres in Abu Dhabi. The majority of the 277 interviewed mothers [79.1%] had heard of folic acid and 46.6% had accurate knowledge about the role of folate in preventing neural tube defects. There were good practices regarding folate supplementation in the current pregnancy; most of the interviewed mothers took it daily and in the recommended dose. However, only a minority took it prior to pregnancy. Education, irrespective of age or parity, was the major factor determining better knowledge of folic acid in pregnancy

Platelet associated CD154 in immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children

CD40-ligand [CD 154] is expressed on activated CD4+T lymphocytes and is essential for the T cell-dependent activation of B lymphocytes. CD154 is also expressed at the activated platelet surface. The study aim to investigate the role of CD154 in ITP pediatric patients and correlate their levels with the course and progression of the disease. This study included 25 patients with acute ITP [13 females and 12 males] with age ranged between 2-6 years [group 1] and 25 patients with chronic ITP [14 females and II males] with an age ranging between 8-12 years [group II], also 25 apparently healthy children [10 females and 15 males] with an age ranging between 3-12 years as control [group III]. Studied groups were subjected to the following investigations; complete blood count, bone marrow examination and flowcytometric analysis of CD154 B lymphocyte counts. We found that there was a highly significant increase in CD 154 in patients with acute ITP compared with chronic ITP and control group [p=0.001 and 0.9001 respectively]. Also there was a negative correlation between CDI54 and platelet count in acute and chronic groups [r=-0.6, p=0.004 and r=-0.5, p=0.005 respectively]. There was a positive correlation between CD 154 and lymphocytic count in acute and chronic groups [r=0.422, p=0.007 and r=0.77, p=0.001 respectively]. In conclusion, the increased number of CD 154 might be one of the mechanisms that cause immune regulation dysfunction in ITP. Furthermore, the count is related to the severity of the disease as it was highly increased in acute phase than chronic and therefore CD154 expression is increased in ITP and is able to drive the activation of auto reactive B lymphocytes in this disease

Time parameters in continuous versus pulsed ultrasound phacoemulsification: a comparative study

To compare the effective phaco time, nuclear removal time as well as total surgery time when using continuous versus pulsed ultrasound in cataract removal by phacoemulsification. A non randomized comparative study that included 106 eye of 106 patients who suffered from vision impairing cataract and were scheduled for cataract removal by coaxial phacoemulsification. Patients were subdivided into two groups; Group A [55 eyes] in which continuous mode was used and group B [51 eyes] in which the pulsed mode was used. Both were further subdivided into 5 subgroups according to LOGS III nuclear grading system. All patients had standard phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups as regards the nuclear removal time and the total surgery time. Effective phacoemulsification time [EPT] showed statistically significant difference between both groups in cases of cataract with nucleus grade 5 [p value -0.000]. It is advisable to use the pulse mode in cases of hard nuclei. These methods of power modulation aim at reduction of energy production with corneal protection and better visual outcome

Examination of the sclerotomy sites after pars plana vitrectomy by ultrasound biomicroscopy

This present study aimed at studying different changes that could occur at the sclerotomy sites following pars plana vitrectomy by the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ultrasound biomicroscopy [UBM] was used for examinations of slcerotomy sites in 60 eyes of 60 patients after pars plana vitrectomy. Different ultrasound biomicroscopic characteristics for these patients 8-10 weeks post operatively ranging from complete healing, gaping to fibrovascular proliferation. UBM is helpful in detecting complications at the sclerotomy sites after pars plana vitrectomy

Evaluation of filtering blebs by ultrasound biomicroscopy

The present study aimed to analyze and investigate trabeculectomy blebs to find out the relation between filtering bleb function and ultrasound biomicroscopic images. The filtering blebs of 50 eyes from 50 patients with various types of glaucoma were examined using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Results showed Different patterns of reflectivity inside the bleb could be investigated beside the visibility of the route under the scleral flap. The structure inside a filtering bleb is visible by ultrasound biomicroscopy, and bleb function is associated with its ultrasound biomicroscopic images

Effects of prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition on the cerebellum of albino rat pups

Protein malnutrition is a worldwide problem affecting millions of infants during development of cerebellum causing structural and functional deficits. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition on cerebellar cortex of albino rat pups. Pregnant rats were collected randomly and divided into two main groups; Control [25% protein] and malnourished [8% protein]. Each main group was subdivided into two groups [ten dams each] where pups were collected at the age of 4 days and 22 days. The cerebellum from each pup was fixed and prepared for the Haematoxylin and Eosin stain then used for measurements of cerebellar layers thickness. Prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition in rat pups decreased significantly the thickness of all cerebellar layers at ages of 4 and 22 days. It was observed that protein malnutrition distorted the shape of Purkinje cells and decreased significantly their surface area. In conclusion, exposure of neonatal rats to prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition resulted in a significant reduction in the thickness of all cerebellar layers and distortion of the Purkinje cells. These changes could affect cerebellar functions later

Single dose diclofenac reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children

Emergence agitation is a common side effect of sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Diclofenac, because its analgesic properties, might be useful for the mangement of this adverse effect. We studied the effect of Diclofenac recovery characteristics in 50 children aged 6 mo. to 5 yr, scheduled to undergo inginal hernioraphy. All children were premedicated with oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg After inhaled induction with sevoflurane, patients were randomly assigned to receive either saline [n=25] or rectal diclofenac 1mg/kg [n=25]. Maintenance of anesthesia was with 2% sevoflurane, 50% nitrous oxide and atracurium with mechanical ventilation. Intra-operative hemodynamic and oxygenation variables are recorded every 5 min. At the end of anesthesia TEO, recovery time, discharge time and incidence of agitation were detected. There were significant reduction in agitation score and incidence of agitation in diclofenac group without affection the recovery or the discharge time. We conclude that a dose of diclofenac of 1 mg/kg administered after induction of anesthesia reduces the post sevoflurane agitation in children, with no adverse effects

Association of insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], dietary intake and cognitive functions in normal school age children

Insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I] is a hormone that mediates the effects of growth hormone and plays a critical role in somatic growth regulation and organ development. It is hypothesized that it also plays a key role in human brain development. The dietary determinants of circulating levels of components of the IGF system are of interest, as these may mediate some of the effects of diet on later health. However, few studies have examined the relationship between diet and IGF-1 levels in children, as well as the relationship between IGF-1 and mental development. To investigate the role of diet on levels of IGF-I and their relationships with measures of IQ in a group of healthy children. The study included 222 apparently healthy children [113 boys and 109 girls], their height for age and weight for age were between 10[th]-90[th] percentiles according to World Health Organization [WHO] growth standards, their age ranged 8-11 years and all were prepubescent. They were chosen randomly from primary schools located in urban Giza Governorate. Nutritional status was assessed by 24-hours dietary intake history and anthropometric measurements [weight, height]. Plasma IGF-1 was evaluated by radioimmu-noassay technique, growth hormone [GH] was determined by immuno-enzymatic assay. Intelligence quotient [IQ] was measured with the Arabic version of the revised-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Familial background was investigated through structured questionnaire. IGF-1 levels [mean +/- SD] were 142.6 +/- 43.3 ng/mL for girls and 139.4 +/- 39.6ng/mL for boys. GH level was within normal range. IQ scores [mean +/- SD] were 101.03 +/- 17.4 and 103.11 +/- 19.8 for boys and girls, respectively. IGF-1 levels were associated positively with IQ [r=0.81, p

Implication of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms in the development of senile cataract among Egyptians

Cataract, or opacification of the lens, is one of the most common causes of loss of useful vision among Egyptians. Currently, surgery is the only approach for the treatment of cataract and the etiology of age-related changes in the lens is not fully understood. Oxidative damage and genetic factors have a major role in the development of age related cataract. Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein intracellular thiol, with multiple roles as antioxidant agent, and the glutathione S-transferases [GSTs] are group of polymorphic enzymes that are important in protection against oxidative damage, as they dethiolate protein-S-S-glutathione in the human lens. The study aimed to determine the effect of genetic polyorphisms of Glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 on the risk of senile cataract in Egyptian population. Using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction [PCR], the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were evaluated in 53 Egyptian patients with senile cataract and in 73 otherwise healthy control group with matched age and sex distribution. Serum GST activity, the level of Malondiableyde [a lipid peroxidation product] and the blood level of reduced glutathione [GSH] were estimated. The frequency of the GSTM1 positive individuals among the senile cataract group was significantly higher than in controls [57 vs 37%] with odds ratio 2.22 95% CI:1.08-4.573; p=0.029]. The risk among the GSTM1 positive individuals of developing senile caaract was even higher in female subjects: 68% of females were GSTM1 positive in the cataract group while only 38% of females had GSTM1 positive genotype in controls [OR=3.4; 95% CI: 1.284-9.067; p=0.012]. combination of "GSTM1 positive and GSTT1 positive" genotypes [OR = 2.16; 95% CI: 0998-4.68; P=0.049]. However the combination of "GSTM1 null, GSTT1 positive" was found to be protective from the development of senile cataract [OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.22-0.99; p=0.045]. The study also showed significantly deceased serum level of GST and reduced glutathione [GSH] and increased level of malondialdehyde [MDA] in senile cataract patients relative to controls [p>0.001]. The present study suggests that the GSTM1 positive genotype and the combined "GSTM1 positive/GSTT1 positive" genotype may be associated with increased risk of development of senile cataract. However the "GSTM1 null/GSTT1 positive" genotype was found to be protective from the development of cataract in the Egyptian population. The correlation between polymorphic GSTs with the other cataractogenic genetic and environmental factors is highly complicated so, the study also, suggests that when evaluating the role of a particular GST gene in any disease susceptibility, the whole pattern of different biotransformation enzymes should be taken into account as much as possible. The importance to further evaluate this matter is related to the possibility of developing diagnostic tool for predicting, by non-invasive genotype analysis, the inter-individual susceptibility to the disease

Combined deep sclerectomy and trabeculotomy for management of congenital glaucoma

To evaluate the efficacy of combining deep sclerectomy and trabeculotomy on controlling the intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma. EL-Nour Eye Hospital, Abou EL-Reech Pediatric University Hospital and Research Institute of Ophthalmology Hospital Cairo-Egypt. Fifty-nine eyes of thirty-seven patients were operated upon using this technique. Seven eyes had been operated upon before by conventional trabeculotomy, goniotomy or trabeculectomy. Twenty-two eyes were under temporary medical treatment follow-up ranged from 6-36 months. Fifty five eyes have postoperative IOP 8-18 mmHg without any additional medical treatment. Four eyes have IOP 21-28 mmHg. There was a mildely elevated bleb in most of the cases in the immediate postoperative period, which flatten later on. Some patients had mild to moderate hyphema during surgery. Combined deep sclerectomy and trabeculotomy is an effective procedure in the management of congenital glaucoma. It has a success rate higher than conventional trabeculotomy, or deep sclerectomy alone

Extraosseous aneurysmal cyst. A case presentation

We present a case of a soft tissue aneurysmal cyst [STAC] in a 13 year old girl. The lesion was detected in the left paraspinal lumbar region extending from the level of transverse process of 2[nd] lumbar vertebra to the transverse process of 4[th] lumbar vertebra. The lesion was investigated by plain X- ray, ultrasound, bone scan, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]. Pathological examination has been done preoperatively by fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC], and histologically after surgical excision

Pulsed dye laser, a useful tool for management of vascular eye lid lesions

To evaluate the role of pulsed dye laser in the treatment of vascular eye lid lesions namely capillary hemangiomas and port-wine stains. The study was conducted on 18 cases referred to us at the National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University Cases were divided into two groups. The first group; fifteen patients with capillary haemangioma [ages 6-14 months] and the 2[nd] group; three patients with port wine stain [ages 15-25 years]. Both groups received treatment with pulsed dye laser with wave length 595nm, energy 5-7 Joules, pulse duration 1.5m.s and spot size 5mm. Multiple sessions were performed according to size and extent of lesion. The number of sessions ranged from 10-20 for hemangioma patients, and 4-7 in port wine stain patients. Cases have been followed-up for 3 years extended to 4 years in case of port wine stain and large haemangiomas. In haemangiomas patients, all fifteen patients [100%] responded to treatment. In port wine stain cases, the 2 patients who kept regular interval visits showed 50% lightening of color after 7 and 6 sessions respectively. In one case there was 25% lightening of color as the patient had longer interval between sessions. Pulsed dye laser, capable of selective photocoagulation and destruction of lesional blood vessels without damage to the surrounding normal, is a very useful and feasible tool that can produce dramatic clearing of port wine stain and hemangiomas with minimal scarring