[Sociological analysis of economic sense of anomie among youths of Iran]

Changes that happened during last decades in the world have severely affected formation and increasing social problems of youths. Iran also like other developing countries from one hand is facing accelerating evolution of globalization, and on the other hand crucial socio-political indigenous events and structural changes driving from those evolutions made a suitable ground for critical and anomie situation and emergence of various social problems as well. One of due social problems is "sense of anomie" which itself is reflection of shallow organized and anomic society. Anomie is a Situation in which one Feels normlessness and refers to such a status characterized by confusion and disintegration between the individual and Society. Accordingly this article is reflecting research results of assessing economic sense of anomie and some affecting variables of that among youths of Iran. In the light of increasing importance of social Problem of youths, this article focuses on the "sense of economic anomie" in Iran. By constructing a conceptual framework following a review of the literature. After it, by method of survey and using questionnaire and applying interview technique, necessary information was collected. The research utilizes a member of statistical methods to reach the conclusions. The main variable, i.e. dependent variable "economic sense of anomie" and other independent variables, in initial studies and after that measuring with standard of one or multidimensional scales, gained high validity and reliability. The statistic population was youths of Tehran which among them 816 people with multi stage and random sampling method were selected as size of sample. Large proportion of youths in their assessment of society draws an anomic and unstable condition and shows a sense of loosing integration with that. Sense of economic anomie among youths of this study is achieved by calculating data's of their opinion on variables like context of socio-economic condition in the domains of economic control, changes in economic condition of country, obeying rules and moral regulations in achieving economic success, cleavage between poor and riches, uncontrolled economic problems such as inflation, disordered of social condition and corruption. Totally 13.2% low, 32% middle and 54.3% were highly feeling economic anomie. This kind of anomie derived from individual, family, attitudes, confusion, distrust and pessimism factors. Among all these, pessimism of youths towards economic condition and possibility to have control over the means of economic success through legitimate rules and regulation has a highest rank in the statistic analysis. Findings of the research confirms the sociological theories particularly those of Durkheim and Merton's that one of the main reason for the emergence and spread of the sense of anomie in a particular society is that there is no balance between culturally desired goals and institutionally accepted mode of achieving it. In Iran also placing value on those who have achieved material wealth and power is growing and the idea those who do not achieved wealth are not accorded status is generating. According to the findings of the research, high sense of economic anomie in different dimensions among youths of Iran has been as following: 55.7% think that only a small part of society has control over the economy. 49.5% think that there should be an action to change the economic condition of country. 61.5% feel that in achieving success they do not need to follow the rules and moral regulations of society. 55% think that there is no control over economic problems such as inflation. 50.2% believe that they have to pay bribe be able to solve their economic problems and 59.7% also believe that economic condition of society is deregulated. Therefore, sense of economic anomie can generate total anomie in the society, it is necessary to consider this social problem and the factors of that in programs focusing on youth Participation

[Assessing strategic factors of drug abuse prevention in Iran: a school-based program]

During past few decades, the rate of drug abuse in the world has been increased and after production and accumulation of nuclear weapons, environment pollution due to increasing population growth, poverty and disparity shifted to be one of the main issues of the world. According to various reports, Iran also severely facing with the problem and youths are the main social group which being threatened by the danger. Since large part of Iran's youth population are involving in schools therefore, a project approved by Ministry of Education and conducted by authors of this article in order to describe the problem of drug addiction in schools. A report of that project and its findings has been reflected in this article. This study was a case study focused on "Physical Education and Health Department" of Ministry of Education which its main mission was to cope with the problem. For data collection, first we did a library survey and provided a list of "SWOT" factors and checked it with academic sighted persons and made two types of questionnaires. In the second stage we conducted a filed work study based on questionnaire, searching 'SWOT" factors of the department and inquiring prevention programs against spreading drug abuse intentions among the school students. All general directors, advisors and experts of the department have been questioned twice. First, asking them to point out the strength, weak, opportunity and threat factors to their department. In second questionnaire we asked them to characterize importance index of factors by giving credit from one to four and ranking them from one to five. So, after that, by mathematical calculations most important threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strength points have been characterized. In the next stage we had to determine that which factors are external to the department and which are internal. The results show that there are many external factors-such as increasing rate of unemployment and divorce, low price and easy accessibility of drug in society -affecting the prevention programs of the department but are out of the department's control. They are macro factors in national level that needs to be solved in macro decision- making levels. Some coordination with other relating drug abuse prevention and confrontation organizations is necessary. There are also internal factors for the department such as - not paying attention to the student's interests while planning their leisure time, scarcity of space and place for playing, games and cultural activities, lack of information and teachings on drug among students-which are mostly weak points and rarely strength point. Among totally 24 internal factors characterized as more important factors effecting the department's prevention drug abuse programs 18 factors [75%] are in the zone of weak points, 4 [16%] in middle and only 2 [8%] are in the strength zone. There are suggestions for the department to change middle and weak to the strength points and make opportunities out of them

[ estimation of household demand for going to cinema in provinces of Iran]

The demand and consumtion of cultural products in Iran including movies and going to cinema will rise in future because average economic growth rate in recent years in Iran has been 5 present and this means the demand for going to cinema will rise in future and since government protects movie making and distribution in Iran and pay them benefits or independenty act in this area, the study of factors influencing household demand and income and price elasticities, and price of related products will help policy makers to respond to increasing demand for cinema and provide facilities and conditions to meet futurer demands. In this article we use the Almost Ideal Demand System, proposed by Deaton and Muellbauer [1980] to estimate household demand for cinema. The main reason why Almost Ideal Demand System is used is for its simplicity which enable researchers to test homogencity or heterogenity restrictions and symmetries. The provinces under study are: 1- Booshehr; 2- Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad; 3- ChaharMahalo Bakhtiary; 4- Isfahan; 5- Ilam; 6- Fars; 7- Ghazvin; 8- Gilan; 9- Hamedan; 10- Hormozgan; 11- Kerman: 12- Kerinanshah; 13- Khorasan, 14- Kurdistan: 15- Lorestan; 16- Markazi; 17- Mazandaran; 18- Semnan; 19- Sistan: 20- Tehran: 21- Yazd: 22- Zanjan; 23- Eastern Azerbaijan; 24- Western Azerbaijan. In this article the demand functions for going to cinema, in different provinces, are estimated. based on the statistics and data pertaining to household expenditures. Considering different formulas of price and income elasticity, the price and income elasticity calculated for all different provinces. According to the obtained resultants, with exception of Isfahan, Hormozgan, Kerman. Kurdistan, Mazandaraii and Eastern Azerbaijan, the price elasticity is less than one, which means demand is not sensitive to the price variations. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.91 which is the almost equal to one and shows low elasticity of the commodity in household consumption. The amount of the elasticity shows that in case of a 100% increase in the ticket price for cinema, keeping other factors constant, demand for going to cinema would be decreased by 91 percent. Cross elasticity of price for journals and cinema in 9 provinces of Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad, Chahar Mahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Ilam, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Yazd and Zanjan are negative, which means these two commodities could substitute each other in consumption. But, in other provinces the elasticity is positive; that means these two commodities complement each other in consumption. The important point is that in both states the absolute value of the elasticity is very small and almost zero that means the relation between journals and cinema is very weak. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.12 that means in the country, in general, two commodities of cinema and journals substitute each other in consumption. In fact, if the journal price is increased by 100%, the demand for cinema is reduced by 11%. Crossed elasticity of price between book and cinema, in every province, is negative. This means in all the provinces these two commodities substitute for each other. This elasticity for provinces of Chaharmahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Tehran and Zanjan is more than other provinces. The amount of the cross elasticity between the two commodities in demand function of cinema in the entire country is almost -47% that shows if book price increases by 100% and all other factor are kept constant, demand for cinema will decrease by 47%. In other words these two goods are complementary in consumption. The income elasticity in each of the provinces is positive; it is between zero and one. The income elasticity expresses the degree of sensitivity of demand in proportion to variations in household income. The amount of income elasticity for this commodity in the entire country is equal to 0.57 that means if income of a household increases by 100%, demand for this commodity would increase by 57%. On this basis, this is a necessary commodity and if the household income increases, the expenditures for cinema would increase by a lesser amount. Noting income elasticity of household demand for cinema and the average growth rate in recent years ahead, it is forcasted that the following income rise of about 2.1 times, [170 percent growth of incomes], demand for cinema will rise 96.9 percent [about 2 times] in fact, if government and policy makers want to meet this increase in demand, it is necessery to develop and increase cinemas and related facilities and conditions

[Conceptual framework and conceptualization of social capital

This paper introduces the concept and main ideas presented by scholars concerning social capital. This paper only intends to serve as a platform based upon which discussions about key concepts, core elements, and current debates surrounding social capital may be presented. Moreover, it should be viewed as an attempt at introducing the ways in which. Conceptualization of social capital has been carried out. The main premise of social capital is the fact that social relationships of various nature should be regarded as valuable assets that can be used for material gains and other benefits. The paper also shows that social capital far from being clear, well defined or understood, has been used in so many ways leading to confusion with negative consequences. This justifies a review of various attempts at conceptualization of social capital. At the end issues such as determinants, sources, benefits and dimensions of social capital however briefly are reviewed