[Frequency of group B capsular serotypes of Streptococcus using the multiplex PCR among the pregnant women in Kashan during 2011-2013]

Group B Streptococcus [GBS] has been described as an important pathogen in newborns and pregnant women. Maternal vaccination against GBS can reduce maternal GBS colonization and enhance antibody transfer to the fetus and also prevent the subsequent infections. Nine serotypes can be identified based on capsular polysaccharide: Ia, Ib, II-VIII. Due to the changes in serotypes' distribution pattern over time and also variation in different geographic areas, production of a universally optimal vaccine is impossible. This study aimed to evaluate the serotype distribution of GBS using the multiplex PCR among the pregnant women. This study was performed on 382 pregnant women. Vaginal swab samples were placed in the LIM selective medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Then the samples were cultured in blood Agar medium and the GBS was identified and confirmed using the standard tests and gene encoding dlts, respectively. Capsular typing was performed using the multiplex PCR method to identify the Ia, Ib, II-VIII serotypes. Thirty-six [9.4%] out of 382 pregnant women were carriers of GBS. The most common types were III [32.14%], V [21.43%], and IV [14.3%], respectively. Types II and VIII were not identified in this study. Considering the high prevalence of III, V and IV serotypes in this study, they are potential sources for the production of multivalent GBS vaccines in near future

[In vitro evaluation of extension force and comparison of force degradation in three brands of orthodontic latex elastics]

Elastic made from natural rubber is one of force supplies in orthodontic practice. Using elastic depends on the extension force of its different sizes as announced by the manufacturers. On the other hand, the elastic's force is not constant and is decayed gradually. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare three brands of latex orthodontic elastic with respect to initial force and force decay over a 24 hour period. A sample size of 20 elastic bands from American orthodontics, Dentaurum and Unitek companies was used. Products with identical size were tested [The 3/16 inch and 4 or 4.5 oz elastic from each company]. Two statical tests were employed: A dry test for extension force, and a wet test to evaluate force degradation in artificial saliva used to simulate the oral environment. A Dartec testing machine with load cell capacity of 200 Newton's for testing was used. The extension of the elastic bands was 3 times as much as the marketed internal diameter [standard index]. Force measurements were made at 7 time intervals: 0, 1/2, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used. The results showed a wide range of initial force between the brands at the extension of 3 times of the marketed internal diameter. The elastic bands from American orthodontics and Dentaurum generated a force below their marketed force level at 3 times extension of their internal diameter extension. Unitek elastic bands generated a significantly higher force than that marketed at 3 times internal diameter extension [p<0.05]. The force decay patterns of all brands were very similar. Most of the elastic bands did not match the specified index using the dry tests. There were notable force degradation of all the types of elastic when they were subjected to artificial saliva immersion, approximating%18.64 during the first hour. An average degradation of 4% was observed in a period of up to 24 hours