[Effects of concurrent regular aerobic training and garlic extract on cardiac tissue apoptosis markers in aged rats with chronic kidney disease]

Background: one of the problems due to aging is apoptosis development in various tissues of body. There is some evidence that some drugs induce apoptosis development via oxidative stress. However, physical activity and herbal drugs through two different mechanisms can cause to inhibit the apoptosis

Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent regular aerobic training and garlic extract on Bax and Bcl-2 levels and Bax to Bcl-2 ratio in cardiac tissue of aged rats with chronic kidney disease

Methods: forty two aged male rats were selected and randomly divided into control group, Doxorubicin group, Doxorubicin and saline group, Doxorubicin and aerobic training group, Doxorubicin and garlic group, Doxorubicin, garlic and aerobic training group. The chronic kidney disease induced by the subcutaneous injection of doxorubicin [8.5 mg/kg of body weight] .The protocol training included 3 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session for 8 weeks. The garlic extract were given by gavage [2.5 g/kg of body weight]. Cardiac levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were measured by ELISA

Results: the results showed that eight weeks swimming training and garlic extract and combination of them caused to significant increase in Bcl-2 levels and significant decrease in Bax levels and Bcl-2 to Bax ratio of aged cardiac tissue rats with chronic kidney disease [P<0.05]

Conclusion: based on the results, although physical training and garlic extract individually imposed protective effects on the cardiac tissue but intervention effect of them had no reinforcement effect on the cardiac protection

Effect of curcumin supplementation and resistance training in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background: Despite the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in many countries still have not found a certain cure for it

Objective: So the purpose of this study was to survey the effect of curcumin supplementation with resistance training in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Methods: In a randomized, controlled trial study, 45 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were divided into 4 groups [resistance training, curcumin supplement consumption, resistance training with curcumin supplement consumption, and placebo]. The experimental groups performed a 12-week resistance training 3 days a week or consumed a curcumin capsule per day or both of them

Alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] levels before and after the protocol were measured

Data were analyzed by using ANCOVA with SPSS 22 software in P<0.05 level

Results: ALT and AST levels in resistance training and resistance training with curcumin supplement consumption significantly decreased [P<0.05] but in ALP levels significant differences was not seen [P>0.05]

The grade of liver fat in any groups did not change significantly [P>0.05]

Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we suggested that the Curcumin supplementation with resistance training in patient with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease could cause to improve liver function, but more studies must be conducted in this area with more subjects

[ effect of saffron supplementation of antioxidant enzymes activities during a session eccentric exercise in active males]

Physical activity and exercise increases the oxidation process in the body due to increased production of free radicals and ROS [reactive oxygen species] that can cause tissue damage. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that are highly reactive due to a single electron. An imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense system causing oxidative stress. This trend is the use of antioxidant supplements for athletes. Due to the side effects of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidants, especially of plant origin tend to use increased. Saffron is a plant antioxidant. The aim of this study was evaluated the effect of saffron supplementation of antioxidant enzymes activities during a session eccentric exercise in active males. In a trial, quasi-experimental, 21- man active purposefully available selected as subjects and randomly assigned to three groups of complementary Saffron [n=7], vitamin C [n=7] and placebo [n=7] received 14 days in capsule form. After 14 days of supplementation, subjects with 70% VO[2max] and -10% treadmill downhill running for 45 minutes. The results showed that SOD activity was significantly increased saffron supplements, as well as a place in the placebo group than in the other two groups increased MDA activity was extroverted, while catalase activity did not change significantly. For the base of these results suggest that supplementation with saffron before eccentric exercise have a preventative effect to reduce the exercise induced oxidative stress

[Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on lipid peroxidation and plasma total antioxidant capacity after acute resistance exercise in young male athletes]

Antioxidant supplementation may decrease exercise-induced oxidative stress in athletes. Considering the type of exercise, dose and kind of supplementation the results of the studies in this field are inconsistent. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on lipid peroxidation and plasma total antioxidant capacity after acute resistance exercise in athletes. In this randomized double blind clinical trial, twenty healthy subjects were divided into two groups; omega-3 [n=10] and placebo [n=10] groups. Each subject in omega-3 group received 3 capsules of omega-3 [3000 mg] per day and placebo group received the same number of placebo capsules per day for a period of 7 day. All subjects of both groups performed high intensity acute resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein 1 week prior to the exercise, immediately pre-exercise and 24 hours post-exercise for determination of the concentration of malondialdehyde [MDA] and plasma total antioxidant capacity. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA at alpha 0.005]. The results of this study indicated that consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements might prevent any increase in the serum level of malondialdehyde after high intensity resistance exercise. Therefore, it may be useful for prevention of oxidative stress-induced damage in young male athletes

[Effect of intensive training on salivary level of cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers]

Increasing the intensity of training is one of the factors that improve the athletic performance. Evaluation of psychological and biochemical factors is believed to be beneficial for evaluating the effectiveness of training schedule. Previous studies have shown that there are various responses to the training intensity due to the level of athlete's fitness and the kind of training. This study was done to investigate the effect of intensive training on salivary level of cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers. This quasi-experimental study was performed on fifteen adolescent wrestlers of Iranian national team during 2009. The subjects were under extension training for three weeks. The saliva samples were taken prior, first, second and third weeks of training to determine cortisol, testosterone and alpha-amylase level of salivary samples. Also, the Brahms questionnaire was used to assess the mood profile before and after the training. Data were analyzed using SPSS-14, ANOVA and student t-tests. There was no significant differences of salivary cortisol [7.69 +/- 0.75, 8.1 +/- 0.93 ng/ml], testosterone [82.3 +/- 0.89, 64.2 +/- 1.7 ng/ml], alpha-amylase [98.81 +/- 1.35, 84.2 +/- 1.5 U/ml] level and mood [16.4 +/- 3.28, 20.08 +/- 2.91] of subjects prier and after training. This study indicated that the intensive training do not alter salivary hormons level and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers

[Effects of combination of long - term ginger consumption and resistance training on lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance in obese men]

Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of long-term ginger consumption and progressive resistance training on lipid per oxidation and insulin resistance in obese men. In a randomized double-blind design, 32 obese men [BMI >/= 30] were assigned in to one of four groups: a Placebo [PL,n=8], Ginger group, that consumed 1 gr ginger/d for 10 wk [GI,n=8], resistance training plus Placebo [PLRT,n=8], and 1gr ginger plus resistance exercise [GIRT, n=8]. Progressive resistance training was performed three days per week for 10 weeks and included 8 exercises. At baseline and after 10 weeks venous blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein, and Malondialdehyde [MDA] as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, pectrophotometrically were assayed by measurement of TBARS assay. Moreover, insulin resistance was determined using a homeostasis model assessment [HOMA-IR]. Two-way ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. After 10 weeks of intervention, we observed a significant decrease for MDA concentration in all groups exception Placebo group [P<0.05]. Moreover, significant decreases in the mean values of insulin resistance were observed in CIRT and PLRT groups [P<0.05]. While it remained unchanged in GI and PL groups [p>0.05] Therefore, according to this results it can be said, that, long term ginger consumption and resistance training has been an effective therapeutic devise to favorable changes in lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance in obese men

[ relation between obesity, physical activity and socioeconomic status among girl students living in northern Tehran]

Researchers have focused on obesity as a multidimensional phenomenon and its incidence may be affected by some biological, cultural and social factors. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between obesity, physical activity and socioeconomic status among girl students living in northern Tehran. In this descriptive study, 488 elementary students [7-11 years] were randomly selected from elementary schools in northern Tehran [Shemiranat district]. The waist and hip circumferences, height and weight of subjects were measured using the standard methods. Body mass index [BMI] percentage was calculated through CDC2000. Nicolas Barbosa questionnaire consisting students' demographic information and the physical activity levels were completed by subjects. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation. While a negative correlation was detected between BMI and physical activity [P<0.025], there was a significant correlation between socioeconomic status and BMI [P<0.013] and between socioeconomic status and physical activity [P=0.001]. Considering the importance of daily physical activity in the prevention of obesity among children, it is highly recommended

[ effect of continuous and intermittent training on resting level and acute response of salivary IgA and total protein in male basketball players]

Salivary immunoglobulin A is the main component of immune system in upper respiratory tract. Thus this study examined the effects of continuous and intermittent trainings on resting level and acute response of mucosal immunity in male basketball players. In this study 20 male basketball players performed 8 weeks continuous and intermittent trainings. Every fortnight the intensity and the volume of trainings were increased. At the beginning, [week 1] and the end of the study [week 8], five ml un-stimulated saliva were collected from each subject before [rest condition], immediately and one hour after one bout exercise to exhaustion on treadmill to determine exercise induced changes in basal mucosal immunity. In addition, saliva samples were collected every two weeks before training. The amount of S-IgA and total protein were measured and then data were statistically analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. One bout exercise training in week 1 caused significantly decrease in s-IgA [P<0.001], but it was not changed in week 8. Total protein was not significantly change in week 1 after exercise, but it was significantly increased in week 8 after exercise [P<0.01]. The comparison of S-IgA, total protein and this ratio showed significant decrease after eight weeks training. The results of this study showed that decreasing resting salivary s-IgA after performing incremental physical activity caused mucosal immunity suppression, which is dependent on intensity of physical activity. On the other hand, these results confirmed the cumulative hypothesis of effects of single exercise training on mucosal immunity