RESUMEN
Hypericum perforatum is one of the valuable medicinal plants in Iran that is used in treating human diseases likes mania, anxiety and depression. Iranian H. perforatum populations were gathered from deferent region of Iran and also their genetic diversity in company with the possible relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distribution were studied. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from young leaves and double digested by EcoRI and Tru1I enzymes. Polymorphic DNA markers generated by DNA fingerprinting technique AFLP [Vos method] using 12 primers combinations. DNA fragments detected with silver nitrate staining according to Basam protocol. Totally 235 bands were scored, that 97% of them were polymorphic. The PIC values ranged between 0.31 and 0.45 with mean of 0.38. The highest and the lowest levels of genetic similarity were 0.89 and 0.29, respectively. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method and DICE similarity coefficient indicated a high genetic diversity among H. perforatum populations. There was no relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distribution. Also for the all loci, the PC[1] and PC[2] explained 12.8% and 8.3% of the variation, respectively. Wide genetic diversity between Iranian H. perforatum pupulations provide applied information to performance of breeding programs and genetic resource management. Of course, investigation of amount of hypericin and hyperforin metabolites in these populations are requiring to selection paramount genotypes
RESUMEN
Anatomical study of the total lengths of the normal mature buffalo penis before and after erection and compare them in order to find the penis abnormalities in this animal. A total of 30 samples of mature buffalo penis. The penises were separated at the root part, divided to three parts, and lengths of these sections were measured then added together to find final length. The penis was stimulated for erection by injection of serum in it, measure the segments and compare them with non erection stage, also measured the glans and urethral process in these two stages. The total length of penis in non erection stage was 62/9 +/- 0.07cm and the second part had the greatest length. The dorsoventral diameter was more than the transverse diameter in the first and the third part. The total length of penis after erection was 80.4 +/- 0.06[cm]. The greatest increase of length was seen in the second part of the penis, after erection, the dorsoventral diameters of penis in all parts decreased but the transverse diameters and it increased a little was seen in the first part. The length of the glans was 2.38 +/- 0.5cm and the width in the flat part was 1.02 +/- 0.5. The length of uretral process was 1.42 +/- 0.5. The diameter of glans of buffalo is less than bull and the spiral shape of distal end in bull isn't seen in buffalo. During the erection the length of the penis increases about 17.5cm. The greatest increase is seen in the second part on account of remove the sigmoid flexure. During erection only the transverse diameter of the penis increases that is because of presence of large cavernouse spaces in laterally. According to stiffness of the penis before and after erection buffalo penis was classified fibroelastic group