RESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a chronic demyelinating disease that can affect cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba [GB] on improvement of memory impairment and quality of life in patients with MS. This study was an 8-week, open study of patients with MS. Thirty patients was recruited from a variety of outpatient settings. All participants met McDonald's diagnostic criteria for MS and had Wechsler score of<80. All subjects received Ginkgo 240 mg/day, TDS except one that received 120 mg/day, TDS due to history of gastritis Participants were assessed by Wechsler memory scale, MSIS-29 test and Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] which measure memory, quality of life and depression respectively at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. Administration of Ginkgo significantly improved Wechsler and MSIS-29 scores. Subjects who were less impaired at baseline on the Wechsler test experienced more improvement with GB. The present study indicates Ginkgo biloba as a very well tolerated medication for improvement of cognitive impairments in people suffering from MS
RESUMEN
With regards to the high and increasing prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis [MS] and its demolishing effects on central nervous system and oro-facial nerves appearing oral and maxillofacial manifestations, this study was carried out on the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial manifestations and its related factors in MS patients in 2010.This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 MS patients that were selected by sequential sampling. Oral and maxillofacial manifestations evaluated were as follows: Trigerninal neuralgia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia, [TemporoMandibular Dysfunction] TMD, facial palsy and visual symptoms. Occurrence of each manifestation was determined and its confidence interval was evaluated within a probability of 95% and the role of the related factors was analyzed with the Chi-square test. 89.2% of the samples demonstrated oral and maxillofacial manifestation. The most frequent manifestations were: Visual symptoms 79.5%, Dysarthria 44. 3%, Dysphagia 21%, Facial Palsy 15.3%, and TMD 14.3% and the least frequent was Trigeminal neuralgia with 13.3%. The related individual and familial factors showed no relation to the incidence of these manifestations. However compared to the patients with no oral and maxillofacial symptoms, the ones with these symptoms were three times more likely to contract MS with duration of more than seven years. This study revealed a high incidence of oral and maxillofacial manifestations in MS patients therefore it cause for great concern
RESUMEN
During the last two decades, magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of multiple sclerosis. MRI, both conventional and non conventional methods, has transformed all aspects of MS research and clinical practice in recent years. Although advanced imaging methods have added much more to our knowledge about pathogenesis and natural history of the disease but their cost, availability, complexity and lack of validation have limited their use in routine clinical practice. Conventional MR techniques including proton density, T1/T2-Weighted images and fluid- attenuated inversion recovery sequences are now accepted in standard protocols for diagnosis and treatment outcome measures in clinical trials of multiple sclerosis. This review will focus on the type, morphology and evolution of MS lesions regarding conventional MRI and their use for treatment monitoring in daily clinical practice