[Pattern of serotyping and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in children with diarrhea]

Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella is common in human and considered as a global dilemma of public health. This study was done to determine the Pattern of serotyping and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in children with diarrhea in Iran. In this laboratory study, 306 stool samples were collected from children with diarrhea in public health centers in Robat-karim, Tehran province, Iran. The specimens were enriched in Selenite F medium and then cultured on Hekton agar. The identification of Salmonella was carried out by conventional method and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI procedures. Out of 306 stool samples, 7.2 % were identified as Salmonella species, as follow: 7 Salmonella typhi, 6 Salmonella paratyphi B, 3 Salmonella paratyphi C, 2 Salmonella paratyphi A and 4 samples were not identifiable. There was a significant relation between presence of WBC in fecal and salmonellosis [P<0.05]. In drug sensitivity trends, 92.3% of Salmonella species were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ceftizoxime, Nalidixic acid and Amikacin. This study showed that Salmonella was the cause of children diarrhea in 7.2% in this region

[Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxims and carbenicillin on klebsiella species isolated from hospital specimens]

Klebsiella species are gram-negative bacteria with positive voges proskauer [VP] reaction. Klebsiella species are found as commensal in human digestive and respiratory system. This group of organisms can create a serious health hazards in hospitalized patients, and their ability to drug resistance is a major health problems. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of Ciprofloxacin, Ceftizoxims and Carbenicillin on Klebsiella species isolated from hospital specimens. In this laboratory study, 1200 clinical samples were isolated from patients in Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran. The identification Klebsiella species were carried out according to conventional biochemical tests. The minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of carbenicillin, ceftizoxime, and ciprofloxacin antibiotics were determined using Macrodilution broth test. Out of 1200 isolated samples, 25% were identified as Klebsiella species. 73% of identified Klebsiella were obtained from urine samples. Klebsiella.peumoniae with rate of 94% was the most abundant among other species. The results of MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration by using standard microdilution method showed drug resistance range of 16-1024 micro g/ml, 4-256 microg/ml and 0.25-16 micro g/ml for carbenicillin, ceftizoxime, and ciprofloxacin, respectivley. In general, 94%, 6% and 1% of species were resistance to carbenicillin, ceftizoxime and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Ciprofloxacin and Ceftizoxime are suitable for the treatment of infections due to Klebsiella species

frequency of extended spectrum beta lactamase and CTX M-I of Escherichia coli isolated from the urine tract infection of patients by phenotypic and PCR methods in the city of Khoy in Iran

The production of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases [ESBLs] by Escherichia coli is the main cause of resistance to Cephalosporins. In the past decade, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent ESBLs in Europe, Canada, and Asia. In this study, the frequency of ESBL- producing E.coli and molecular detection of the CTX-M-I group was investigated. A total of 400 urine samples were collected from both hospitalized and out-patients in Khoy's hospitals between November 2009 and April 2010. Out of these samples, 188 were identified as E.coli by standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic Susceptibility tests to 10 antibiotics were performed by the-disk-agar diffusion [DAD] method. ESBL production was screened by phenotypic test that including disk diffusion agar and combined disk as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] Screened isolates were investigated by PCR assay for detection of CTX-M-I group genes. The results show that out of 188 E.coli isolates identified, 56 [29.8%] were producing ESBls by phenotypic test. All isolates were sensitive to imipenem. Overall, 49 [87.5%] isolates were confirmed as CTX-M-I producer by PCR. The results of this study showed that about 30% of the identified E.coli were producing ESBL Therefore, we recommend to use molecular methods in such researches

[Synergistic effect polymyxin B sulphate and trimethoprim on yersinia enterocolotica and closely related species]

Previous studies have shown that polymyxin B sulfate and trimthoprim antibiotics are not individually effective on Yersinia enterocolitica and their closely related species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of above antibiotics on Y. enterocolitica and their closely related species, from the clinical and the natural environment specimen collected in Iran, and compare them with the isolates that that were obtained from the Pasteur institute collection in France. In total, 73 species from Iran and 25 from the Pasteur institute in France were tested. The microdilution method was used for the MIC according to the standard protocol. The synergistic effect was seen in all tested samples. However, the human species from the Pasteur institute were more sensitive than the Iranian human and the environmental species were less sensitive than clinical specimens [1.6+16 micro gr, 0.4+4 micro gr in French Samples]. The Y. enterocolitica isolates were less sensitive than the related species such as Y. intermedia, Y. fredriksenii, and Y. kristensenii. The synergistic effect polymyxin B sulfate and trimthoprim were more evident on other closely related Yersinia species Y. enterocolitica

[Correlation of H. pylori infection and infertility; a survey in Yazd infertility clinic]

Infertility is a worldwide problem. Many different factors may cause infertility. Among them, bacterial infection of the reproductive system is one of the main factors. Recently, some limited investigation has revealed that H. pylori is capable of causing genital inflammation that may lead to infertility. Although known to be a causative agent of gastritis and duodenal ulcers, this species may be transferred orally to the vagina and asymptomatic infection leads to inflammation of the system and finally manifestation of infertility. In addition, infertility may be due to antibodies synthesized against H. pylori cross-reacting with the genital tissue. In the present study, 180 women consisting of 90 cases referred to IVF center of Yazd and 90 matched controls were enrolled. Serum was taken from all women for detection of IgG and IgM using the ELISA technique. A total of 117 [65%] serum samples were positive for Helicobacter, of which 63.3% were from fertile and 66.7% from infertile women. The serum positive population was found to be predominantly in the age range of 25-35, although some 35-42 year olds were also serum positive. When the prevalence of Helicobacter infection status was compared with marriage duration in both groups, it was found that antibody titer in subjects from marriages with durations of greater than five years was significantly higher than those of five-year marriages. In addition, higher antibody titers were found in infertile women with fallopian tube [FT] factor and lower titers in those with polycystic factors. Although the results were not significant, they nevertheless indicate that the Helicobacter antibody titers in infertile women were higher than those of fertile women [P =0.6]. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the role that Helicobacter infection plays with regard to infertility among women. Since the antibody titer in infertile cases with FT factor was higher than others, it may indicate that inflammation caused by H. pylori plays an indirect role in the induction of infertility

Comparison of the conventional biochemical tests recommended for the identification of Escherichia coli in water, in report 71, with the API 20E system

The API 20E technique for identification of E.coli was evaluated and the results compared with those obtained by the conventional biochemical tests recommended in Report 71. The results obtained showed very close correlation between the two methods. A total of 196 [81.6%] out of 240 isolates were identified as E.coli by API. System, while the conventional method identified only 194 [80.8%]. Therefore the recommended tests in Report 71, which are based on very small number of data was found to be acceptable for the identification of E.coli. The results also showed that, all the colonies showing the typical green metallic sheen on EMB agar are not always E.coli, although all the E.coli showed typical green metallic sheen colonies on EMB agar