Role Of Gstp, Tcf, Elmo1, Trpc1, Il-10 Gene Polymorphism In Diabetic Nephropathy

There are about 40% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes will develop diabetic nephropathy (DN), resulting in chronic kidney disease and potential organ failure. During the progression and development of DN, chronic elevated blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) together with glomerular hypertension leads to renal inflammation, progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis resulting in organ failure. Genetic variants at a biomarker level could allow the detection of those individuals at high risk for diabetic nephropathy which could thus help in the treatment, diagnosis and early prevention of the disease. Current genome-wide relationship scans have recognized a number of chromosomal regions that possible include diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes, and association analyses have evaluated positional applicant genes under these relation peaks. The possibility of increasing diabetic nephropathy is recovered several times by inheriting risk alleles at susceptibility loci of dissimilar genes like GST (glutathione-Stransferase), TCF (Transcription factor), ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility 1), IL-10 (Interleukin-10) and TRPC1 (transient receptor potential channel 1). The identification of these genetic variants at a biomarker level could thus, allow the detection of those individuals at high risk for diabetic nephropathy which could thus help in the treatment, diagnosis and early prevention of the disease.

Role Of Capn-10, Tcf7l2, Ppar Gandkcnj11gene In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (t2dm)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by polygenic hyperglycemia caused by insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Several environmental factors and genetics interact to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications. Among the various factors associated with genetic T2DM polymorphism of the same nucleotide in several genes, it has been widely studied and showed that the resulting genetic variants have a positive or negative correlation with T2DM, which increases or decreases the risk of T2DM. In this review, we will focus on the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 11 (KCNJ11), Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), Calpain-10 (CAPN10) and their relationship with T2DM, studied in different ethnic groups. The products of these genes are involved in the biochemical pathway leading to T2DM. The polymorphisms of these genes are widely studied in individuals of different ethnic groups. The results show that the genetic variants of the CAPN-10, TCF7L2, PPARG, and KCNJ11 genes can become a biomarker of risk for T2DM, and were studied in people from different ethnic groups. We tried to synthesize globally obtained results in the context of selected genes that could help researchers working in this area and ultimately it would be helpful to understand the mechanistic pathways of T2DM lead to early diagnosis and prevention.

Status Of Tnf-α And Insulin In Obese And Diabetic Obese Subjects Of Western Lucknow

Obesity has become a matter of quality to health care administrators. The busy lifestyle of people made them prefer fast food instead of taking healthy food. But the people are not aware that fast food habit converts to the disease like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipoproteinemia etc. This case control study had been carried out in department of Physiology in collaboration of Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow to explore status blood sugar fasting (BSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), Insulin by standard spectrophotopmetric kit methods, blood pressure (BP) as well as anthropometric measurements with the help of suitable instruments and equipments in Control group, Obese group and Obese with type 2 diabetic group. Values of all above parameters were found increased in obese group with respect to control group and values of all these parameters were found increase in obese with type 2 Diabetes mellitus group with respect to obese group. Thus it is clear that obesity is risk factor for T2DM, Dyslipoproteinemia and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Effects Of Natural Products On Body Weight And Biochemical Parameters In Healthy Rats

The present study was undertaken to evaluate effect of natural products i.e. Anthocephalus indicus; KADAM, roots, Hibiscus rosa sinensis roots, Tinospora cordifolia stem and Cassia tora seeds in normal healthy rats. In this study ethanol extract of above mentioned medicinal plants had macerated with aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally (500 mg/kg bw p.o.) to male adult healthy normal rats of Charles Foster strain for 30 days. Results of this study showing that alcoholic extracts caused no any signicant reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and no signicant increased in post heparin lipolytic activity, but on the other hand as per pre-existing data and my published studies in diabetic patients and diabetic experimental animals showed that extracts exerting all above effects signicantly. That's why it is very clear here if healthy person will take natural products, it never cause hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia and under weight. Natural products also not cause any signicant change on hepato-specic parameters. Thus from this study we conclude that, natural products are safe, non toxic and free from side effects, in comparison to synthetic drugs.

Experimental Validation Of Anti-Diabetic And Antioxidant Potential Of T. Cordifolia Stems (M.): An Indigenous Medicinal Plant

This case control study had been carried out to evaluate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia; family: Menispermaceae) against streptozotocin induced diabetes in experimental rats to scientifically validate its use against diabetes. Ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem extract and standard drug (glibenclamide) macerated with aqueous gum acacia (2%, w/v) suspension and fed orally to streptozotocin induced male adult diabetic rats of Charles Foster strain for 30 days. Biochemical parameters in normal, diabetic control, standard (600µg/kg bw p.o.) and treated (500 mg/kg bw p.o.) animals group were determined and compared. Treatment of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats with ethanolic extract caused significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, free fatty acid, lipid peroxide and significant increased (p<0.001) post heparin lipolytic activity. Furthermore, the stem extract (100-400 µg) when tested for its antioxidant activity in vitro, shown significant (p<0.001) inhibit the generation of super oxide anions in enzymic system a, in enzymic system b, non enzymic system and hydroxyl radicals in enzymic system and non-enzymic system. The results of the present study demonstrated antidiabetic antidyslipidemic and anti oxidant activities of T. cordifolia stem extract which could help in prevention of diabetic- dyslipidemia and related complications.

Association Of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) And Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Gene Polymorphisms With Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy accounts for the most serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is suggested that the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy will continue to increase in future pretense a major challenge to the healthcare system resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. It occurs as a result of interaction between both genetic and environmental factors in individuals with T2DM-Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic susceptibility has been offered as an important factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy, and various research efforts are being executed worldwide to identify the susceptibility gene for diabetic nephropathy. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in various genes giving rise to various gene variants which have been found to play a role in genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is increased several times by inheriting risk alleles at susceptibility loci of various genes like ACE, GST, TNF-α, COL4A1, eNOS, GLUT, etc. The identification of these genetic variants at a biomarker level could thus, let the detection of those individuals at high risk for diabetic nephropathy which could thus help in the treatment, diagnosis and early prevention of the disease. The present review discusses about the ACE-Angiotensin Converting Enzymeand GST-Glutathione S Transferase gene variants associated with diabetic nephropathy.

Osteocalcin HindIII gene polymorphism not associated with bone mineral density—A study in North Indian postmenopausal osteoporotic women.

Osteoporosis is an important health problem in India owing to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency across all ages, low level of awareness and higher risk of complications. This disease is characterized by decreased bone mass, bone strength and higher risk of bone fracture. Here, we investigated association between osteocalcin HindIII gene polymorphism and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporotic and postmenopausal healthy North Indian women, possibly the first study of this kind in the aforesaid population. We investigated Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of osteocalcin HindIII in 254 postmenopausal osteoporotic (56.12±7.004 years) and 254 postmenopausal healthy (55.27±5.93 years) North Indian women. BMD at lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, hip and forearm was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The results showed no significant correlation between osteocalcin HindIII gene polymorphism and BMD and we conclude that osteocalcin HindIII gene polymorphism may not have major effects on BMD variation in postmenopausal North Indian women.

No Association Between GSTT1/M1 Polymorphism in Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Gene with Cataract in Hypertensive Patients from North India.

Age-related cataract has globally emerged as the leading cause visual impairment leading to blindness. Glutathione S-Transferases and their genetic variantsplay an important role in pathogenesis of cataract. This case-control study was carried out to investigate possible association of GSTT1/M1 polymorphism with Cataract risk in North Indians. Our study included 221 individuals, 132 as Cataract cases (70 with and 62 without hypertension) and 89 age and ethnicity matched controls. Genetic polymorphism in GST gene (GSTT1/M1 polymorphism) wasevaluated by multiplexPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique.The frequencies of the GSTM1-positive and GSTT1-positive in hypertensive cataract cases were 55.71%, 92.86%; while they were 61.29% and 95.16% in cataract cases without hypertension and; 46.07% and 97.75% in healthy controls respectively. The frequencies of GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null in hypertensive cataract cases were 44.29% and 7.14% %; while they were 38.71% and 4.84% in cataract cases without hypertension and; 53.93% and 2.25% in healthy controls respectively. The frequency of GSTT1/M1 positive wild type genotype was 48.57% in hypertensive and 56.45% in normotensive cataract cases while it was 43.82% in control subjects. Our study found no association between GSTT1/M1 polymorphism with cataract but a nearly significant relationship was observed in GSTM1 positive and GSTM1 null genotypes (p=0.065) with cataract in subjects without hypertension. The study needs furtherinvestigation due to limited sample size.

An Insight To RNA Interference Based Gene Silencing

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) is among the most significant biomedical breakthroughs in recent history. Multiple classes of small RNA, including small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) play important roles in many fundamental biological and disease processes. RNA interference, triggered by double-stranded RNA molecules, was initially recognized as a handy tool to reduce gene expression but now it is recognized as a mechanism for cellular protection and cleansing. It defends the genome against molecular parasites such as viruses and transposons, while removing abundant but aberrant nonfunctional messenger RNAs. Nonetheless, these new pools of knowledge have opened up avenues for unraveling the finer details of the small RNA mediated pathways. In this paper, we discuss the molecular aspects in biomedical research of RNA interference and its applications.

Hypolipidemic Activity Of Cassia Tora Seeds In Hyperlipidemic Rats

The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora (Chakvat, Chakunda) (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) seeds extract has been studied in two hyperlipidemic models of rat. These are triton injected and cholesterol rich HFD fed model of hyperlipidemia. In triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia, feeding with root extract (500 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o. ) exerted lipid lowering effect as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL), triglyceride (TG) and reactivation of Post Heparin Lipolytic Activity (PHLA) of plasma. The other model was fed with cholesterol rich HFD and seeds extract of Cassia tora (500 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o.) simultaneously for 30 days. This also caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver homogenate and reactivation of plasma post heparin lipolytic activity, hepatic total lipoprotein lipase activity. The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora seeds was compared with a standard drug guggulipid (200 mg/ kg body wt/ day p.o.), a known lipid lowering drug in both models.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of Anthocephalus indicus (Kadam) root extract.

The present study was carried out to explore the anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipoproteinemic and anti-oxidant activities of Anthocephalus indicus root extract in alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg body wt.) diabetic rats. A marked increase in plasma levels of glucose and lipid peroxides accompanied with an elevation in the lipids and apoprotein levels of serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) following decrease in lipid and protein constituents of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed. The alterations in lipoprotein pattern was associated with inhibition of lipolytic and antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of root extract (500 mg/kg body wt.) for 30 days in dyslipidemic animals resulted in significant decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride and lipid peroxides. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of VLDL and LDL were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase as well as hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Lipid and apoprotein levels of HDL were also recovered partially on treatment with root extract.

Hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis root in rats.

The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (family Malvaceae) root extract was studied on triton and cholesterol-rich high fat diet (HFD) induced models of hyperlipidemia in rats. In triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, feeding with root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) exerted lipid-lowering effect, as assessed by reversal of plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) and reactivation of post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) of plasma. The other model was fed with cholesterol-rich HFD and root extract (500 mg/kg body wt/ day p.o.) simultaneously for 30 days. This also caused lowering of lipid levels in plasma and liver homogenate and reactivation of plasma PHLA and hepatic total lipoprotein lipase activity. The hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis root was compared with a standard drug guggulipid (200 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.), a known lipid- lowering agent in both models. Histopathological findings in rat liver supported the protective role of H. rosa sinensis root extract in preventing cholesterol-rich HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.