RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Duodenal ulcers are mucosal erosions that penetrate into the muscularis propria of the duodenum. They are a result of an imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors. Various environmental factors like Helicobacter pylori infection, addictions to smoking and alcohol etc. and genetic factors have been reported to be associated with duodenal ulceration. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was studied for its role as a genetic marker and specific allelic association to protein functioning and alteration. Serum samples from 185 normal subjects and 210 duodenal ulcer cases were typed for the phenotypes following PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and immunofixation using specific commercial antisera with appropriate staining protocols. In general, 'M' allele of alpha-1-antitrypsin was found to be predominant in healthy normal subjects, with the gene frequencies being 0.679 (M), 0.299 (Z) and 0.0214 (S). Whereas in duodenal ulcer cases, Z and S alleles were found to be predominant with a significant association of MS, ZZ and MZ phenotypes (c2sub : 49.98) and the gene frequencies being 0. 113 (M), 0. 347 (Z) and 0.506 (S). Predominance of Z and S alleles indicates that these alleles may encode for reduced synthesis of alpha-1-antitrypsin, hence decreased neutralization of proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibited by alpha-1-antitrypsin, thereby resulting in ulcers. The study highlights the association of Z and S alleles of the potent protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin and also suggests its role as a genetic marker in ulcerogenesis.
RESUMEN
To assess correlation of dietary atherogenic and anti-atherogenic factors with socio-economic status (SES) we performed nutritional survey among 182 (122 men, 60 women) randomly selected individuals using 24 hour diet recall and a food-frequency questionnaire. SES was assessed by educational level which strongly correlated with occupational class (r = 0.55) and income levels (r = 0.88). There was significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation (r values) of educational level with intake of calories (0.55), proteins (0.19), fat (0.45), fat derived energy (en%) (0.14), saturated fat en% (0.45), linoleic acid (0.17), vitamin A (0.14), vitamin C (0.16), vitamin E (0.44), fruits and vegetables (0.34) and fibre (0.24) and negative correlation with intake of linolenic acid (-0.35), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) en% (-0.15), polyunsaturated fat (PUFA)/saturated fat (SFA) (-0.33) and MUFA/SFA (-0.42). In persons of highest educational level (> 15 years education) vs illiterates, the daily intake of SFA (29.1 +/- 15 vs 7.8 +/- 6), SFA en% (13.2 +/- 5 vs 6.7 +/- 4), linoleic acid en% (5.4 +/- 3 vs 3.9 +/- 2) and n6/n3 (24.0 +/- 58 vs 4.5 +/- 5) was more and intake of linolenic acid en% (0.7 +/- 1 vs 1.6 +/- 1), MUFA en% (8.6 +/- 7 vs 15.6 +/- 9), PUFA/SFA (0.6 +/- 1 vs 1.0 +/- 1) and MUFA/SFA (0.7 +/- 1 vs 4.0 +/- 5) was less. Intake of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E and fruits and vegetables was significantly more in better educated.