Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of minocycline and rifampin-impregnated silicone surfaces in an in vitro urinary system model

To evaluate the antimicrobial activity in urinary catheters and silicones in antibiotic-coated prosthetic urinary systems in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by catheter-associated infection. The study was initiated in 1993 at Houston, USA and continued in Turkey till 1996. A sterile plastic bag was used as kidney in the in vitro urinary system. Physiological renal jet streams [50cc/h] were generated with an intravenous metric pump. The temperature was kept at body temperature. The bladder drainage was achieved at the physiological drainage period of 4-6 hours during the 72-hour experiment. Silicone surfaces coated with pure silicone and impregnated with Minocycline-Rifampin were exposed to the urine contaminated with the targeted bacteria in the in vitro urinary model for 72 hours. Antimicrobial activities occurring in the Eosin methylene blue and blood agar media in the infected silicones were assessed. Minocycline-Rifampin silicone surfaces exposed to the urine contaminated with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reported reproduction. No reproduction was observed in the culture of Minocycline-Rifampin-impregnated silicone surfaces for Proteus mirabilis. The difference with the control group was regarded as statistically significant for Proteus mirabilis [p<0.005]. Minocycline-Rifampin-coated silicones were closely monitored only for Proteus mirabilis in the in vitro urinary medium. Although inhibition zones [<10mm] in the cultures were observed for Minocycline-Rifampin-coated silicones for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but the microbial efficacy was not regarded sufficient. There is still need for evidence-based in vivo and in vitro studies where antimicrobial activity is evaluated on the surface of catheters

Risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in Turkey: a population-based, case-control study

Although the World Health Organization [WHO] classifies Turkey as a country with a moderate-high prevalence of hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection, there is little data on HBV transmission in this country. To identify risk factors for HBV infection, we performed a retrospective case-control study between January 2007 and December 2009. Acute HBV patients and population controls were selected, and data from these groups were analyzed by logistic regression method. The study included 129 patients with acute HBV infection and 219 controls. Hemodialysis [OR:8.2, 95% CI: 4.17-16.61, p< 0.05], having an HBsAg [+] spouse [OR: 4.3, 95%CI:2.17-8.53, p <0.05], living with an HBsAg [+] parent[s] [OR:3.25, 95% CI:1.73-6.12, p<0.05], and being male [OR:1.34, 95% CI:0.82-2.21, p < 0.05] were independent risk factors that were potentially associated with HBV infection. More than one-third of female patients had a significantly higher risk [34.5% vs 13.5%, p < 0.05] of acquiring HBV from their sexual partners. Hemodialysis was the most frequent risk factor [46.9% vs.20%, x[2] =10.45, p<0.05] for patients aged over 31 years, and living with HBsAg [+] parents was a significantly higher risk factor [28.8% vs. 10.2%, x[2] =6.15, p< 0.05] that is more likely to lead to HBVin patients aged under 30 years. This study suggests that persons in Turkey who undergo hemodialysis are at high risk for acquiring HBV. Having an HBsAg [+] spouse [sexual transmission] or living with HBsAg [+] parents [household transmission] are significant risk factors for HBV transmission. Vaccination appears to be better preventive method against the spread of HBV