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The purpose of this scoping review is to employ Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review methodology to determine leadership and management styles and their influence on health worker’s job satisfaction and productivity in Low-and middle-income countries. A scoping review of literature published in English since May, 2012 was carried out using PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Sage. Key search terms strategy was employed using the words “leadership styles”, “management styles”, “health workers”, “productivity” and “job satisfaction” to identify relevant studies. A total of 1487 articles resulted from the application of the search strategy. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria of which 18 was quantitative and 1 was qualitative study. The main leadership styles identified were transformational leadership style, transactional leadership style, laissez-faire leadership style and autocratic leadership style. Transformational leadership style was found to have a higher influence on job satisfaction as compared to the other forms leadership styles. Also, transformational leadership styles encouraged about 67% of health workers to provide better healthcare services to their patients. Health facilities in LMICs have employed mainly transformational, transactional, participatory and laissez-faire leadership styles that have varying degree of influence on health workers job satisfaction. Transformational leadership style has proven to positively influence job satisfaction and productivity while laissez-faire leadership demotivate healthcare workers. In order to improve health care services and productivity for client as well as job satisfaction for healthcare workers, transformational leadership trainings will have to be intensified.
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Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of uro-pathogens among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic at Weija-Gbawe Municipal Hospital. The data was collected between May 2023 and October 2023. The data collection process involved the use of a structured questionnaire, while urine specimens were collected in sterile urine containers and cultured on CLED medium. The bacteria colonies were identified and evaluated for their susceptibility to antibacterial agents. Multiple logistics regression was used to determine the factors associated with bacteriuria among pregnant women. Results: The age range of the participants was 14 years to 45 years with mean age of 30 years (SD±6.5). About 13% of the participants had no formal education. Majority (77.4%) of study participants were obese while only 3.42% had normal weight. Isolates were Escherichia coli (27%), Klebsiella species (23%), Proteus species (18%) and Citrobacter koseri (18%). Gentamicin was sensitive to E. coli and cotrimoxazole was the most resistant antibiotics. Factors such as BMI, educational level, smoking status, recurrent UTI, parity were not found to have statistical influence on prevalence of bacteriuria among pregnant women. Conclusions: The study revealed 15.1% prevalence of ASB among pregnant women with E. coli being the predominate isolates. Gentamicin and cotrimoxazole were the most sensitive and resistant antibiotics respectively. Pregnant women should be advised to adhere to optimal hygiene practices and safe sexual behaviours, with a focus on the role of these practices in preventing uro-pathogen colonization.
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Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of enhanced vegetation index, proximity to national borders, proximity to protected areas, and water on malaria morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Data were pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 32 Sub-Saharan African countries spanning 2000 to 2020. Women's standard weights were denormalized and bivariate analyses were conducted to identify potential confounders. Two models were fitted; model 1 involved primary exposure variables and model 2 involved primary exposure variables adjusted for significant confounders. The final interpretation of the results was based on model 2. Results: The prevalence of malaria cases was 23.1%, The risk of children suffering malaria in households that belong to the 3rd quantile of the vegetation index is 27% less compared to children that belong to the households in the 1st quantile of the vegetation index [aOR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.55-0.99; p-value<0.05]. Children belonging to households in the 4th quantile of proximity to water have a 33% higher risk of suffering from malaria compared to households that are closer to water [aOR=1.33, 95%CI:1.08-1.63; p-value<0.01]. Conclusions: Environmental factors have been found to influence malaria morbidity among children in SSA. Intervention should be targeted at households especially those that are closer to water with more children under five to ensure full access and use of ITNs among all children under five as part of the overall goal of achieving the health-related SDGs.