Factores de riesgo prequirúrgicos para una colecistectomía laparoscópica difícil / Preoperative risk factors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy

RESUMEN Antecedentes: varios estudios observacionales han identificado factores de riesgo (FR) para una colecistectomía laparoscópica difícil (CLD). Objetivo: identificar los FR preoperatorios para CLD en un hospital público de mediana complejidad. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de cohorte transversal. Se analizaron 80 pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica, entre enero y diciembre de 2019. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, IMC (índice de masa corporal), litiasis vesicular, pancreatitis aguda, colecistitis aguda o crónica, síndrome de Mirizzi, CPRE dentro del mes, numero de cólicos en el último mes, si presentó al menos un cólico en la última semana, leucocitos, enzimas hepáticas mayores, bilirrubina total, hallazgos de ecografía prequirúrgicos, antecedentes de cirugías abdominales previas. Resultados: la incidencia de CLD fue de 47,5%. La tasa de conversión a cirugía convencional fue del 11,25%, el 100% fueron CLD. Los FR para CLD incluyeron sexo masculino (OR: 4,50, IC 95%:1,60-12,62, p: 0,004), cólico en la semana previa a la cirugía (OR:7,17, IC 95%:1,89-27,23, p: 0,004), paredes engrosadas de la vesícula (OR: 4.90, IC 95%:1,90-12,70, p: 0,001), edema perivesicular (OR: 7,14 IC 95%:1,45-35,13 p: 0,016), la vesícula hidrópica (OR: 4,94, IC 95%:1,44-16,88, p: 0,011) y las cirugías previas (OR: 4.38 IC 95%:1,27-15,10 p: 0,001). En el análisis multivariado vemos que los pacientes de sexo masculino y pacientes con cirugías previas presentaban un riesgo elevado para CLD (OR: 6,63 IC 95%:1,75-25,08 p: 0.005; OR: 11.70 IC 95%:1,48-92,37 p: 0,020). Conclusión: se deben centrar los esfuerzos en identificar los pacientes con sospecha de CLD, pudiendo planificar la cirugía y un equipo quirúrgico experimentado.

ABSTRACT Background: The risk factors (RF) for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) have been identified in many observational studies. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the preoperative RF for DLC in a secondary care public hospital. Material and methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional cohort study of patients > 18 years undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January and December 2019. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, acute or chronic cholecystitis, Mirizzi syndrome, ERCP within the previous month, episodes of biliary colic in the last month, presence of at least one colic within one week before surgery, white blood cell count, liver enzymes, total bilirubin, preoperative ultrasound and history of upper abdomen surgery. Results: The rate of DLC was 47.5%. Conversion rate to conventional surgery was 11.25% and 100% were categorized as DLC. The RF for DLC included male sex (OR, 4.50; 95% CI,1.60-12.62; p = 0.004), colic within 1 week before surgery (OR, 7.17; 95% CI,1.89-27.23; p = 0.004), gallbladder wall thickening (OR, 4.90; 95% CI,1.90-12.70; p = 0.001), edema around the gallbladder (OR, 7.14; 95% CI, 1.45-35.13; p = 0.016), hidrops gallbladder (OR, 4.94; 95% CI,1.44-16.88; p = 0.011) and previous surgeries (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.27-15.10; p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, male sex and previous surgery were associated with higher risk of DLC (OR, 6.63; 95% CI,1.75-25.08; p = 0.005; and OR, 11.70, 95% CI,1.48-92.37; p = 0.020, respectively). Conclusion: Efforts should focus on identifying patients with suspicion of DLC to plan surgery with an experienced surgical team.

Oportunidad quirúrgica de la colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda biliar leve / Timing to the surgical management for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with mild acute pancreatitis

According to the present knowledge, patients with mild biliary acute pancreatitis, must be cholecystectomized early, to avoid complications and recurrences of new episodes, but there is not totally clear which is the maximum period of time that the surgery could be delayed without increating the risks. On the other hand, there are authors that emphasize the delay of the surgial rsolution of the cholelitriasis, in order to bring benefits for the recovery of the acute episode, decresing the operative complications. This rport discusses the surgical timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patient after mild biliary acute pancreatitis. The aim of this report was to analyze the surgical findings observed in cholecysectomized patients at admittance, as well as in those operated in a deferred way, the same as to analyze the coplications appareared in both grups

Colecistectomía Laparoscópica: Límites en la aplicación de la Visión Crítica de Seguridad / A critical view of safety in biliary injury during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: the triangle of calot

Bile duct injury during laparoscopy is the most important complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Bile duct injuries place an enormeous burden on the health and productivity of the population. To avoid this severe complication, it has been one of the central objectives of the biliary surgery since its beginings. Traditional teaching of surgery fails in the prevention of laparoscopic bile duct injuries, and they cannot control the problem. Assessment of biliary anatomy of the bile duct injury is mandatory for prevention of iatrogenic bile duct injuries. With a proper knowledge for identification and categorization of the triangle of Calot to avoid technical errors we will achieve system changes to improve patient safety. Finally, although medical consensus and substantial evidence exist promoting the importance of the Critical Vision on Safety, with the development of a fundamental support to the regularization, a safe operative technique will decrease the rate of severe complications of the bile duct injury