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The diagnostic technology of acute stroke by microwave imaging has the advantages of being non-ionizing, fast, small, and low-cost. Therefore, this technology is expected to become an auxiliary or alternative means to CT and MRI technology. As the signal transmitting and receiving device of the microwave imaging system, the antenna has an important influence on the performance of the imaging system. At present, there are many antennas with different performances used in imaging systems, but there is a lack of clear evaluation criteria for them. In this paper, several typical antennas were introduced, their advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of bandwidth and near-field were analyzed, and the common requirements of imaging systems for antennas and the performance indicators of various types of imaging systems were summarized. Moreover, the development trend of antenna technology for microwave imaging was pointed out to provide a reference for the study of stroke microwave imaging technology.
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The economic evaluation compares the costs and effectiveness of different strategies for osteoporosis prevention and treatment to facilitate decision-making. In this paper, international and Chinese economic evaluation studies on osteoporosis prevention strategies were reviewed and results were summarized. We have found that the research design and quality of reporting need to be improved. Furthermore, both general and osteoporosis-specific health economic evaluation guidelines were introduced to improve the quality of economic evaluation in osteoporosis in China. Accuracy and integrity of data used in economic evaluation also should be improved.
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Objective@#To establish a microwave scattering parameter acquisition system to detect cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia animal models, and to study the non-contact rapid identification methods for the two stroke types.@*Methods@#Rabbits were selected for modeling. Eight rabbits in the cerebral hemorrhage group were injected with autologous blood. Six rabbits in the cerebral ischemia group were treated with bilateral common carotid artery clamping and femoral artery bleeding. The measurement excitation source has a scanning frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz and an intermediate frequency bandwidth of 30 kHz. The signal of the S21 phase was acquired. The collected microwave scattering signals were subjected to mean filtering, principal component analysis dimension reduction, and mean clustering and nearest neighbor analysis to realize the identification of stroke types.@*Results@#The microwave scattering measurement method can reflect the changes of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia. The phase of S21 decreases with the increase of blood loss and increases with the increase of ischemic duration. The results of the differential experiment showed that all 14 models were correctly identified.@*Conclusions@#The stroke identification system based on microwave scattering measurement can effectively distinguish rabbit cerebral hemorrhage model and ischemic model. This technology is low cost, portable non-invasive, simple operation and fast, which make it be a promising method for identifying pre-hospital stroke types.
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Objective To establish a microwave scattering parameter acquisition system to detect cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia animal models, and to study the non-contact rapid identification methods for the two stroke types. Methods Rabbits were selected for modeling. Eight rabbits in the cerebral hemorrhage group were injected with autologous blood. Six rabbits in the cerebral ischemia group were treated with bilateral common carotid artery clamping and femoral artery bleeding. The measurement excitation source has a scanning frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz and an intermediate frequency bandwidth of 30 kHz. The signal of the S21 phase was acquired. The collected microwave scattering signals were subjected to mean filtering, principal component analysis dimension reduction, and mean clustering and nearest neighbor analysis to realize the identification of stroke types. Results The microwave scattering measurement method can reflect the changes of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia. The phase of S21 decreases with the increase of blood loss and increases with the increase of ischemic duration. The results of the differential experiment showed that all 14 models were correctly identified. Conclusions The stroke identification system based on microwave scattering measurement can effectively distinguish rabbit cerebral hemorrhage model and ischemic model. This technology is low cost, portable non-invasive, simple operation and fast, which make it be a promising method for identifying pre-hospital stroke types.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels and liver pathology at different phases of natural history in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and to establish a non-invasive liver fibrosis diagnostic model based on HBsAg quantification.Methods A total of 145 CHB patients were enrolled and underwent liver biopsy from January 2013 to January 2015, among which 73 patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive.HBsAg levels and HBV DNA levels were compared between patients at different phases of natural history and between patients with different HBeAg statuses.Logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with fibrosis in HBeAg-positive patients, and to evaluate the predictive value of non-invasive liver fibrosis diagnostic model based on HBsAg quantification.Analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis, and t test analysis was used for the comparison between two independent samples.Results The serum HBsAg levels at the immunologic tolerance phase, immunologic clearance phase, low copy phase and reactivation phase of CHB patients were (4.29±0.69), (3.56±0.61), (3.22±0.64), and (3.54±0.50) lg IU/mL, respectively (F=16.72, P<0.01), and the HBV DNA levels were (8.48±0.58), (6.69±1.44), (3.80±0.59), and (6.21±1.06) lg IU/mL, respectively (F=76.73, P<0.01).In HBeAg-positive CHB patients with liver inflammation stage (G)≤G1, G2, G3 and G4, the serum HBsAg levels were (4.44±0.65), (4.00±0.72), (3.74±0.62), and (3.28±0.50) lg IU/mL, respectively (F=9.198, P<0.01).In HBeAg-positive CHB patients with liver fibrosis stage (S)≤S1, S2, S3, and S4, the serum HBsAg levels were (4.55±0.54), (4.04±0.89), (3.59±0.63), and (3.34±0.50) lg IU/mL, respectively (F=10.66, P<0.01).Logistic analysis showed that age (OR=1.091, 95%CI: 1.013-1.175) and HBsAg level (OR=0.190, 95%CI: 0.066-0.542) were independent factors for predicting fibrosis stage.The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the non-invasive fibrosis model based on age and HBsAg level was 0.849, which was higher than aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (0.749) and fibrosis index based on the 4 factors (0.763).Conclusions The serum HBsAg levels are significantly different among the different phases of natural history in CHB patients.The serum HBsAg levels decline with the progression of liver fibrosis in HBeAg-positive CHB patients.The non-invasive diagnostic model that based on HBsAg quantification could be used to evaluate the stage of liver fibrosis.
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Objective: This paper aims to evaluate the poverty impact incurred by out-of-pocket payment (OOP) on rural residents in the selected remote minority-inhabited areas in western China both in 2011 and 2014. Methods: Under China's national poverty line, poverty headcount ratio and poverty gap were estimated from two rounds of household survey in 2011 and 2014, respectively. The Pan's Parade was also pictured. Results: In 2011, the poverty headcount ratios before and after the OOP were 31.07% and 51.70%;and the poverty impact was 20.63%. The impact of average poverty gap and mean positive poverty gap was 284.24 Yuan and 183.73 Yuan, respectively. In 2014, the poverty headcount ratios before and after the OOP were 29.40% and 44.66%;and the poverty impact was 15.26%. The impact of average poverty gap and mean positive poverty gap was 242.68 Yuan and 240.41 Yuan, respectively. Conclusion: Poverty headcount ratio and average poverty gap were reduced in the area of interest within the current study, but the mean positive poverty gap was increased. New rural cooperative medical scheme needs to be further adjusted for improving the insured individual's benefits. Low-income group should be paid more attention to eliminate impoverishment incurred by OOP.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors for antibiotic prophylaxis failure in patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. MethodsEighty-two patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding who were admitted to our hospital from January 2011 to June 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients received third-generation cephalosporins as the antibiotic prophylaxis for 7 days. The therapeutic effect of prophylaxis within two weeks was analyzed, and the clinical features were compared between prophylaxis response group and non-response group. The t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparison of continuous data between groups, the chi-square test was applied for comparison of categorical data between groups, and the logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the risk factors for antibiotic prophylaxis failure. ResultsA total of 38 patients (46.4%) developed secondary infection. There were significant differences in prothrombin time, proportion of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of ICU stay, proportion of patients who received deep venipuncture, Child-Pugh classification, and Child-Pugh score between the prophylaxis response group and non-response group (P＜0.05). Child-Pugh classification (OR=2.455, 95%CI: 1.01-5.97, P=0.048) and admission to the ICU (OR=4.12, 95%CI: 1.32-12.83, P=0.015) were the independent risk factors for antibiotic prophylaxis failure. ConclusionAntibiotic prophylaxis with third-generation cephalosporins has a high failure rate, and admission to the ICU and a high Child-Pugh classification are the independent risk factors for antibiotic prophylaxis failure.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the establishment of a predictive model for early virologic response in previously untreated chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with telbivudine, since early virologic response can predict the long-term efficacy of nucleotide analogues. MethodsA total of 135 CHB patients who visited Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2007 to August 2014 were enrolled and treated with telbivudine (600 mg qd) for at least 24 weeks. Follow-up was performed once every 2 weeks, and the patients′ baseline data and data measured during treatment were recorded. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for early virologic response and establish the predictive model. ResultsThe patients without a family history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (P=0.000 3) and with high baseline levels of total bilirubin (TBil) (P=0.002 6) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.007 4) and a low HBV DNA load (P=0.002 3) tended to show early virologic response. The predictive model was established based on these variables, and the risk score (R) of CHB patients was calculated. The CHB patients with R＞0.85 were more likely to achieve early virologic response. ConclusionThe model established based on the four variables of family history, baseline TBil level, baseline AST level, and HBV DNA level can well predict early virologic response in previously untreated CHB patients treated with telbivudine.
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Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of intrathecal injecting κ-opioid receptor agonist U50, 488H on the rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.Methods 50 Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10): sham group (Sham), ischemia/reperfusion group (IR), high-dose intravenous injection group (IV1), low-dose intravenous injection group (IV2), and intrathecal injection group (IT).In sham group the rats were followed by the modeling step without ligation of the left coronary and no drug injection by intravenous or intrathecal; in IR group the rats were underwent 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion, and were not treated with any drug.All the rats in IV1, IV2 and IT groups were intravenous injected with U50, 488H at 1 hour before they were underwent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion as in IR group.IV1 and IV2 groups were intravenous injected with U50, 488H respectively at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, while the IT group was intrathecal injected with U50, 488H at the dose of 0.01mg/kg.All the rats from 5 groups were observed with cardiac ultrasound, myocardial sirius staining, serum CGRP and ET level.Results Compared to IR group(EF%=35.4 ±1.1,FS% =21.1 ±1.1), the rats in IT group (EF%=49.1 ±1.2,FS%=27.1 ±1.0) and IV1 group (EF%=46.3 ±2.2,FS%=26.6 ±0.6) showed better myocardial contraction (P<0.05) and reduced myocardial fibrosis (P<0.05).IT group and IV1 group also showed reduced ET but increased CGRP in the serum (P<0.05).There were no difference between IV2 group and IR group in both observation.Conclusion Pretreatment with intrathecal injection of opium κ-receptor stimulant U50, 488H not only protected the myocardial function from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, but also repressed myocardial fibrosis.The protection may result from modulation of CGRP and ET.
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Objective To analyze the serum keratin 18 (K18) level of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) and its correlation with prognosis.Methods From December 2012 to October 2014,120 patients who visited Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital and diagnosed with HBV-ACLF were enrolled,and 20 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled with matched gender and age.Enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay was used for the detection of K18 (M30,M65) and the differences of M30,M65,M30/M65 and other laboratory results were analyzed among the first enrolled 40 patients with HBV-ACLF,20 CHB patients and 20 healthy controls.All HBV-ACLF patients were followed up for 3 months and divided into two groups (death group and survival group).And M30 and M65 in both groups were detected and their clinical data were collected.Continuous variables between groups were compared using t test and one-way analysis of varicmce.Categorical variables were compared using X2 test.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for prognostic analysis.Results The serum M30 in HBV-ACLF group,CHB group and healthy controls group were (2.99 ±0.29),(3.12±0.26) and (2.16 ±0.12) lg U/L,respectively (F=95.36,P＜ 0.01).The serum M65 in the three groups were (3.41 ± 0.29),(3.38+0.29) and (2.01±0.11) lg U/L,respectively (F=217.60,P＜0.01).And M30/M65 the three groups were 0.39 ± 0.11,0.55 ± 0.09 and 1.45 ± 0.34,respectively (F=202.63,P＜0.01).The white blood cell,total bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in HBV-ACLF patients were the highest,and platelet,albumin,serum sodium and prothrombin time activity were the lowest.After following up for 3 months of 120 patients with HBV-ACLF,40 of them died with fatality rate of 33.3％.The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the M30/M65 was 0.871,and that of score of model for endstage liver disease (MELD) was 0.668 (Z=3.011,P＜0.01).The M30/M65 ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the MELD score (r=-0.389,P＜0.01).Conclusions K18 (M65 and M30)are strongly associated with liver disease severity.The M30/M65 ratio may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for the patients with HBV-ACLF.
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Objective To investigate the clinical features of pulmonary infection in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).Methods A total of 666 hospitalized patients with HBV-ACLF in Department of Liver Disease of Fuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Data of demographic and clinical parameters (sex,age,presence of liver cirrhosis and diabetes),complications (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,hepatorenal syndrome,hepatic encephalopathy,and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage),and baseline biochemical parameters were collected from the medical records database.Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors of pulmonary infection in patients with ACLF.Distributions of the pathogenic bacteria were further analyzed.Student t test was used for the means consistent with normal distribution,while non-parametric statistics were used for the data consistent with abnormal distribution.Mann-Whitney U test was used for the data between two groups.Chi square test and Fisher exact probability method were used for comparing the count data.Results A total of 125 out of 666 patients with ACLF developed pulmonary infection.The incidence of pulmonary infection was 18.76 ％ (125/666)..Most patients were infected with fungi (54.84％).The incidence rate of pulmonary infection in patients with liver failure over 60 years (41.18％) was significantly higher than that in patients under 60 years (16.91％;x2 =19.136,P＜0.01).The incidence of cirrhosis or diabetes in the 125 patients with pulmonary infection was higher than patients with no pulmonary infection.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P＜0.01).Levels of albumin,cholesterol,alphafetoprotein,white blood cell count,hemoglobin,plasma thromboplastin antecedent,international normalized ratio (INR),and serum sodium were all significantly different between the two groups (all P＜ 0.05).The incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,hepatorenal syndrome,and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with pulmonary infection were significantly higher than those without pulmonary infection (P＜0.01).Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,age,albumin,hemoglobin and serum sodium were important factors in the development of the pulmonary infection.And albumin,hemoglobin and serum sodium were protective factors.Conclusions Pulmonary infection,as one of the common and serious complications,significantly affects the prognosis of liver failure patients.Prediction of pulmonary infection in the early stage is essential.Patients with elder age,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,low albumin level,low serum sodium level and low hemoglobin level should be timely monitored to prevent the development of pulmonary infection.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Many researches indicate that endocrine imbalance plays an important role in the oncogenesis and development of malignant tumor. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of serum sexual hormones' level in male patients with lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RIA and IRMA were used to detect the levels of serum estrodiol (E₂ ), testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 62 lung cancer patients, 30 benign pulmonary disease patients and 30 healthy men.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of T in male patients with lung cancer was obviously lower than that in healthy men (t=0.348, P < 0.01 ); the levels of E₂, PRL and FSH remarkably increased in male patients with lung cancer compared with healthy men (t=0.362, P < 0.01; t=2.913, P < 0.05; t=2.739, P < 0.01); the level of T in male patients with lung cancer was obviously lower than that in patients with benign pulmonary diseases (t= 3.903 , P < 0.05 ); the levels of T in squamous cell carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma group decreased significantly compared with small cell lung cancer group (t=0.358, P < 0.01; t=3.902, P < 0.05). The levels of FSH and TSH in squamous cell carcinoma group were significantly higher than those in adenocarcinoma group (t= 3.918, P < 0.01; t=2.912, P < 0.05). The level of T in lymph node metastasis group decreased obviously compared with non-lymph node metastasis group (t=3.914, P < 0.01), but the other hormones were at the same level in different pathological types of lung cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are some disturbance of serum sexual hormones' level in lung cancer patients. The detection of serum E₂ , T, PRL and FSH may have some value to lung cancer diagnosis and can be an index to predict the state of lung cancer.</p>
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>In recent years, new progress has been made in research of tumor markers. And namely tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS), cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA21-1) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (STNFR) are new tumor markers that have been used in clinical application. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the diagnostic value of 4 kinds of tumor markers, TPS, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1 and STNFR in patients with lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The serum levels of TPS, CEA, CYFRA21-1 and STNFR were determined in 72 patients with lung cancer, 54 patients with pulmonary benign diseases and 32 healthy adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of the four tumor markers in lung cancer group were significantly higher than those in benign disease group (P < 0.005) and healthy control group (P < 0.001). Among the four markers, STNFR had the highest sensitivity (81.9%), CYFRA21-1 had the highest specificity (91.5%) and TPS had the highest accuracy (83.5%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TPS, CYFRA21-1 and STNFR can be used as very useful and sensitive tumor markers in the diagnosis of lung cancer, in which CYFRA21-1 may be the most useful tumor marker for clinical application.</p>
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>To explore the clinical significance of detection of T helper cell (Th1 and Th2) in patients with lung cancer and to provide a foundation for immunological treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RIA and ELISA were used to detect the level of serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a in 86 patients with lung cancer, 59 patients with benign pulmonary diseases and 45 healthy people. IL-2 and TNF-a were used to represent cytokines of Th1 type, and IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 to represent cytokines of Th2 type.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of IL-2 [(24.6±12.0) μg/L]in cancer group was significantly lower than that in benign group [(71.1±25.4) μg/L] ( t =3.82, P < 0.01) and normal group [(69.3±19.5) μg/L]( t=2.76, P < 0.01), the level of IL-6 in cancer group [(0.13±0.04) μg/L] was significantly lower than that in normal group [(0.23±0.05) μg/L]( t= 3.39 , P < 0.01), but the levels of IL-4 [(254.2±78.0) μg/L], IL-8 [(0.49±0.16) μg/L], and TNF-a [( 2.76 ±1.12) μg/L] in cancer group were significantly higher than those in benign group [(63.6±18.6) μg/L, ( 0.36 ±0.18) μg/L, (0.96±0.20) μg/L respectively] and those in normal group [(60.9±19.6) μg/L, ( 0.35 ±0.07) μg/L, (0.93±0.19) μg/L respectively] ( t =4.10, 4.89, 3.76 respectively, all P < 0.01). No significant difference of IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-a level was observed between benign group and normal group (all P > 0.05). The level of IL-6 in cancer group was similar to that in benign group [(0.15±0.04) μg/L] ( P > 0.05 ). The level of IL-6 in benign group was significantly lower than that in normal group [(0.23±0.05) μg/L] ( P > 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in these cytokines among lung cancer patients with different histological types and in different TNM stages.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>T helper cell cytokines are out of balance in patients with lung cancer, and this may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Correcting this immune malfunction may become an important method in lung cancer therapy.</p>
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Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS),CYFRA21-1 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (STNFR) in patients with lung cancer.Methods The serum levels of TPS,CYFRA21-1 and STNFR were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 72 patients with lung cancer,54 patients with benign diseases and 32 healthy adults.Results The levels of the 3 tumor markers in lung cancer group were significantly higher than those of the benign disease group and healthy control group,and the serum levels of this 3 tumor markers corresponding increased with the high TNM stage.The detectable rates of TPS (80.5%) and STNFR (81.9%) in serum of lung cancer were higher than CYFRA21-1(65.3%),and in TNM I group,the detectable rates of TPS (57.1%) and STNFR (57.2%) were higher than CYFRA21-1 (25.6%) too.Conclusion The TPS,CYFRA21-1 and STNFR can be used as a very useful and sensitive tumor marker in the diagnosis of lung cancer.The TPS and STNFR are better than CYFRA21-1 in clinical use.
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Aim To study the content and clinical significance of serum endothelin-1(ET-1)in patient with malignant tumors. Methods The contents of serum ET-1 in 85 patients with malignant tumors,30 patients with benign diseases and 30 normal indivaduals were detected by radioimmunoassay. Results (1)The mean concentrations of serum ET-1 in normal individuals and in non-tumor patients were (46.9± 23.1)μ g/L and (51.1± 30.9)μ g/L,respectively, while in patients with malignant tumors it was (190.1± 135.2～ 382.4± 190.1)μ g/L. (2)There was no significant difference between the mean serum contents of ET-1 in normal individuals and non-tumors pstients(P∧ 0.05),but the level of serum ET-1 in patients with malignant tumors were significantly higher than that in above two groups(P∨ 0.001). (3)When the mean content plus twice standard deviation of serum ET-1 in normal individuals was as a threshold value,that is ,the value was defined as the positive clinical value to diagnose cancer, the positive rates of patients with different malignant tumours were 72％ ～ 100％ . Conclusion Serum ET-1 contents could be used as a better tumor index for maligant tumor screening and accessory diagnosis.