Malaria and environmental, socioeconomics and public health conditions in the municipality of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil: An ecological and cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a parasitosis conditioned by several factors. This study sought to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria considering environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables in São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. Methods: Epidemiological, cartographic, and environmental data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute, and National Space Research Institute. Statistical and spatial distribution analyses were performed using chi-squared tests of expected equal proportions and the kernel and bivariate global Moran's techniques with Bioestat 5.0 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. Results: The highest percentage of cases occurred in adult males with brown skin color, mainly placer miners, with a primary education level, living in rural areas, who were infected with Plasmodium vivax and with parasitemia of two or three crosses as diagnosed by the thick drop/smear test. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution, with distinct annual parasite indices associated with administrative districts and clusters of cases in locations with deforestation, mining, and pastures close to Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Thus, a direct relationship between areas with cases and environmental degradation associated with land use was demonstrated, along with the precarious availability of health services. Pressure on protected areas and epidemiological silence in Indigenous Lands were also noted. Conclusions: Environmental and socioeconomic circuits were identified for development of diseases associated with precarious health services in the municipality. These findings highlight the need to intensify malaria surveillance and contribute to the systematic knowledge of malaria's epidemiology by considering the complexity of its conditioning factors.

The socio-environmental production of malaria in three municipalities in the Carajás region, Pará, Brazil / A produção socioambiental da malária em três municípios da região de Carajás, Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the environmental production of malaria in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, and Canaã dos Carajás, in Pará, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS This ecological, cross-sectional study used epidemiological data in the Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System) from the Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará (State of Pará Health Department), cartographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and environmental data in the Projeto TerraClass (TerraClass Project) from the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Statistical analyses used the chi-square test, while the spatial ones, the kernel and Moran's (I) global bivariate techniques. RESULTS We analyzed a total of 437 confirmed cases of malaria in the selected area and period. The highest percentage of cases occurred among male miners and farmers, living in rural areas; Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species; and the most used diagnosis, the thick drop/smear. We also observed a heterogeneous distribution of the disease — with evidence of spatial dependence between incidence areas and different forms of land use, and spatial autocorrelations related to the high variability of anthropic activities in the municipalities. CONCLUSION The environmental production of malaria relates mainly to cattle production and mining — anthropisms related to land use and occupation in the observed municipalities. Spatial data analysis technologies sufficed for the construction of the epidemiological scenario of the disease.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a produção ambiental da malária nos municípios de Marabá, Parauapebas e Canaã dos Carajás, no Pará, entre 2014 e 2018. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e transversal a partir de dados epidemiológicos do Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária, da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará. Foram utilizados também dados cartográficos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e ambientais do projeto TerraClass, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). As análises estatísticas utilizaram o cálculo de percentuais e o teste qui-quadrado e as espaciais as técnicas de Kernel e de Moran global bivariado (I). RESULTADOS Foram analisados 437 casos confirmados de malária, na área e periodo de estudo. O maior percentual de casos ocorreu em indivíduos do sexo masculino, adultos, morador da zona rural, com atividades de garimpagem e agropecuária, sendo o Plasmodium vivax a espécie de maior frequência e o diagnóstico mais utilizado a gota espessa/esfregaço. A distribuição da malária não ocorreu de forma homogênea, com evidências de dependência espacial entre áreas com ocorrência de casos e diferentes tipos de uso da terra. Foram observadas também autocorrelações espaciais relacionadas à alta variabilidade dos tipos antropismos, ocorrida nos municípios. CONCLUSÃO A produção ambiental da malária está associada principalmente à pastagem e à mineração, antropismos relacionados às formas de uso e ocupação da terra nos municípios estudados. As tecnologias de análises de dados espaciais em saúde foram satisfatórias para a construção do cenário epidemiológico da doença.

Spatial distribution of human visceral leishmaniasis cases in Cametá, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Human visceral leishmaniasis is considered a major public health problem in the municipality of Cametá, Pará, Brazil. METHODS: This ecological study was conducted using data obtained from official Brazilian agencies. Spatial analysis of the variables was performed using the kernel interpolation technique and the bivariate Global Moran's Index. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the disease was not homogeneous, and it was associated with socio-environmental risk factors and public policies. CONCLUSIONS: Different relationships were observed between the variables studied and disease occurrence.

Hepatites B e C nas áreas de três Centros Regionais de Saúde do Estado do Pará, Brasil: uma análise espacial, epidemiológica e socioeconômica / Hepatitis B and C in the areas of three Regional Health Centers of Pará State, Brazil: a spatial, epidemiological and socioeconomic analysis

Resumo Introdução As hepatites virais são graves problemas de saúde pública e estão relacionadas às diferentes características socioeconômicas do território brasileiro. Objetivo Analisar a distribuição espacial das hepatites B e C e sua relação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) nas áreas de três Centros Regionais de Saúde (CRS), no Estado do Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2014. Método Neste trabalho descritivo e transversal, foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, do Ministério da Saúde, e do Censo 2010, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados As análises mostraram que o 11º CRS notificou o maior número de casos (60,9%). Os indivíduos mais acometidos por ambas as doenças foram do gênero feminino, pardos, adultos e com ensino fundamental. Os fatores de riscos mais significativos foram uso de medicamentos injetáveis e tratamentos dentário e cirúrgico. Foi observada dependência espacial entre o IDHM e os parâmetros da taxa de incidência das doenças, com autocorrelações diretas e indiretas. Assim, áreas com IDHM médio e baixo apresentaram altas taxas de incidência, sobretudo em municípios com intenso fluxo migratório, nas últimas décadas. Conclusão As análises foram eficazes para construir cenários epidemiológicos das doenças. Ressaltamos a necessidade de expandir o controle das hepatites nas áreas estudadas.

Abstract Background Viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem and is related to the different socioeconomic characteristics of the Brazilian territory. Objective To analyze the spatial distribution of the hepatitis B and C and their relationship with the Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM), in the areas of three Regional Health Centers (CRS), in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2010 to 2014. Method In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Ministry of Health and the 2010 Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. Results The analyses showed that the 11th CRS reported the greater number of cases (60.9%). The most affected individuals by both diseases were female, brown skin color, adults and elementary school degree. The most significant risk factors were injecting drugs use, dental and surgical treatments. It was observed spatial dependence between the IDHM and the diseases incidence rate parameters, with direct and indirect autocorrelations. Thus, areas with medium and low IDHM showed high incidence rates, especially in municipalities with intense migratory flows, in the last decades. Conclusion The analyses were effective for construct epidemiological scenarios of the diseases. The need to expand the control of hepatitis in the studied areas is highlighted.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da leptospirose e fatores de risco em Belém, Pará, Brasil / Leptospirosis space-time distribution and risk factors in Belém, Pará, Brazil

Resumo A ocorrência da leptospirose tem desafiado a epidemiologia na utilização de diferentes tecnologias de análises em escalas geográficas locais. Este estudo transversal e descritivo objetivou identificar correlações espaciais de fatores de risco socioambientais com a leptospirose em Belém, Pará, entre 2007 e 2013. Os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, da Secretaria do Estado de Saúde Pública e os ambientais, demográficos e territoriais no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Homens, 20 a 39 anos, ocupação indeterminada, etnia parda, foram os mais acometidos. O diagnóstico laboratorial (82%) e o atendimento hospitalar (67,22%) demonstraram acesso satisfatório ao Sistema de Saúde. A Krigagem numérica mostrou a maior concentração da doença nos bairros Guamá e Jurunas, em áreas de menores cotas altimétricas, próximas a canais. A técnica de Buffer apontou maior concentração da doença em áreas de ausência de coleta de resíduos sólidos domiciliares (26%), esgoto (22%), água encanada (38%), e com arruamento não pavimentado (20%) e alagamento de rua (65%). A técnica de Moran demonstrou uma correlação espacial direta entre estas variáveis (p = 0,01543). A tendência geral expressou o decréscimo da doença.

Abstract The occurrence of leptospirosis has defied epidemiology even when using different analysis technologies at local geographical levels. This cross-sectional and descriptive study sought to identify spatial correlations between social and environmental risk factors and leptospirosis in Belém in the State of Pará from 2007 to 2013. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Pará State Department of Public Health and the environmental, demographic and cartographical data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Men aged 20 to 39 of unknown profession and mixed ethnicity were the most affected. Laboratory diagnosis (82%) and hospital care (67.22%) confirmed satisfactory access to the Unified Health System. Numerical Kriging indicated the highest concentrations of the disease in the Guamá and Jurunas neighborhoods in lower lying areas near canals. The Buffer technique showed higher concentrations of the disease in areas with no domestic solid garbage collection service (26%), sewage (22%), piped water (38%), with unpaved roads (20%) and street flooding (65%). The Moran technique revealed a direct spatial correlation between these variables (p = 0.01543). The general trend showed the decrease of the disease.