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Introduction: Community pharmacy is a place under the direct supervision of the pharmacist where the prescription orders are compounded and dispensed. In India, there are limited studies published on the economic evaluation of community pharmacy. This study aimed to conduct a cost analysis of outpatient department prescriptions in the community pharmacies during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on various parameters such as the total cost, average cost/prescriptions, age-wise cost, prescribers, drug class, pharmacy wise, route of administration, and diagnosis cost. Material and Methods: The analysis of total and average cost per prescription was conducted. The study was carried out for 6 months during. The number and type of drugs prescribed and the frequency and total cost of the prescriptions were noted. Statistical analysis was conducted for different demographics and various parameters. Results: A total of 1166 prescriptions were analyzed in the study. Out of 3704 drugs prescribed 99.9% were branded ones. The average number of drugs/prescriptions was 3.17. The predominance of male patients (60%) was seen. On the overall cost of prescriptions the statistical significance of the overall cost was established at (P < 0.00001). The sum of all the prescriptions accounted for ?.10, 86,504.65. The average cost/prescription was ?.931.82. Conclusion: The average total cost/prescription was found to be higher in our study. There is a need for further studies to be done in the field of community pharmacy
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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in females and an important cause of cancer deaths worldwide. With advances in oncopathology, breast cancers are now diagnosed and treated at a molecular level. To distinguish and subdivide the type of cancer with the suitable markers and to foresee its prognosis and therapeutic approach, cytokeratin can be used which is prognostic tumour marker and has a number of different advantages as it is an important IHC marker, cytokeratin (Ck) is epithelial intermediate filament, which is expressed in a tissue specific manner. Expression of the intermediate filaments, predominantly cytokeratins (Ck) reflects the epithelial cell type. In breast, the luminal epithelial cells express CK 8 / 18, CK 7 and CK 19, while basal cell expresses CK 5 / 6, CK 14 and CK 17. Bloom Richardson grading (BR) system has a powerful prognostic value. It is also incorporated in the algorithm for the determination in the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, as a tumour marker cytokeratin can accurately predict disease status as it is easy, inexpensive and a reliable tool for efficient management. CK and BR grading can be used as cost effective diagnostic tools in hormone positive breast carcinoma for diagnosis as well as treatment. Very early detection of breast cancer reduces the mortality and morbidity.
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Background: Studies demonstrate the change in nature of dissociation in accordance with increasing age but there is dearth of literature studying the differential influence of personality factors in childhood and adolescent dissociation respectively. Personality attributes putatively determine the overt expression of nature of dissociative symptoms in childhood and adolescent dissociative symptoms differentially. Objective: Aim of this study was to compare the personality profiles of children and adolescents onset dissociative disorder. Methods: 60 subjects with diagnosis of dissociative disorders were included in this study with 30 subjects with 8-12 years of age and 30 adolescents with 13-16 years of age. Children in the age group of 8-12 years were given children personality questionnaire (CPQ) and adolescents were given 16 PF (form B) which are a paper-pencil self-administered questionnaires. Results: Both the groups were comparable for various socio-demographic and clinical variables except habitat and education. Children in younger age group were found to be more serious, taciturn, internally restrained, depressed and apprehensive. Adolescents on other hand were more aggressive, stubborn and aggressive. Conclusions: Dissociation in childhood and adolescents is a malleable developmental phenomenon determined by core personality attributes.