RESUMEN
Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of numerous heart and kidney troubles. Diabetic nephropathy [DN] and cardiomyopathy [DC] are major causes of death. The pathophysiology of DN/DC includes inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms. NF-KappaB is one of the transcription factor that mediates signal transduction processes. Nowadays, it is suggested that inhibition of NF-KappaB activation could delay the development of DN and DC. 6-shogaol was reported to modulate NF-KappaB besides its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, it is worth testing it against diabetic complications. Rats were divided to 4 groups: Normal control [NC], 6-shogaol [6S], diabetic control [DC], diabetic rats treated with 6-shogaol [DC+6S]. BGL, BUN, serum creatinine, total urine protein, creatine kinase [CK], LDH, NO, TNF-Alpha, NF-KappaB were determined in serum. Heart and kidney tissues were isolated for GSH, MDA, SOD measurement and histopathology. NF-KappaB was estimated in kidney tissues using immunohistopathology and western blot techniques. Results showed that diabetic rats left untreated for 16 weeks showed kidney injury as evidenced from elevated BUN, serum creatinine, urine protein, TNF-Alpha and NF-KappaB. Heart tissue damage was evidence from elevated CK, LDH. Diabetic rats simultaneously treated with 6-shogaol showed a protective effect on both kidney and heart as evidenced biochemically and histopathologically. Therefore, using 6-shogaol may be of value in protection against diabetic complications in kidney and heart of rats
RESUMEN
To determine the effect of different types and formulations of hormone replacement therapy [HRT] on the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women at Mansoura University Hospitals. This study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Surgery and Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University from January 2005 to June 2008. The study group included 210 cases of postmenopausal women ranging in age from 50-70 years with breast cancer for whom surgical interventions were done according to the stage. The study group were matched with '0 cases representing control group. The rate of breast cancer was Increased with the use of opposed estrogens in oral form [adjusted relative risk "RR" 1.1; 95% confidence interval "CI" 1.31-1.42] and injectable [RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.86-1.20]. The rate of breast cancer was not increased among users of unopposed estrogens [RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86-1.09] or of progestins only [RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.85-1.12]. Oral etstrogen-progestin combinations appear to be associated with an increased breast cancer risk while estrogens alone and progestins are not