Effects Of Exercise Training And Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation On Hepatic Lipid Metabolism In Prediabetes Mice

Background@#Since prediabetes is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes, it is important to promote a healthy lifestyle to prevent prediabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of green coffee (GC), chlorogenic acid (CGA) intake, and exercise training (EX) on hepatic lipid metabolism in prediabetes male C57BL/6 mice. @*Methods@#Forty-nine mice were randomly divided into two groups feeding with a normal diet (n=7) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n=42) for 12 weeks. Then, HFD mice were further divided into six groups (n=7/group): control (pre-D), GC, CGA, EX, GC+EX, and CGA+EX. After additional 10 weeks under the same diet, plasma, and liver samples were obtained. @*Results@#HFD-induced prediabetes conditions with increases in body weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles were alleviated in all treatment groups. Acsl3, a candidate gene identified through an in silico approach, was lowered in the pre-D group, while treatments partly restored it. HFD induced adverse alterations of de novo lipogenesis- and β oxidation-associated molecules in the liver. However, GC and CGA supplementation and EX reversed or ameliorated these changes. In most cases, GC or CGA supplementation combined with EX has no synergistic effect and the GC group had similar results to the CGA group. @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that regular exercise is an effective non-therapeutic approach for prediabetes, and CGA supplementation could be an alternative to partially mimic the beneficial effects of exercise on prediabetes.

Effects of a 4-week aerobic exercise on lipid profile and expression of LXR alpha in rat liver

Objective: Liver X receptors [LXRs] are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormonal receptor superfamily which modulate the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Hence, further unraveling of the molecular function of this gene may be helpful in preventing cardiovascular diseases

Materials and Methods: This experimental intervention study included twelve adult Wistar male rats [12-14 weeks old, 200-220 g] which were divided into the control [n=6] and training [n=6] groups. The training group received exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 28 meters/minute [0% grade] for 60 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last session of exercise. A portion of the liver was excised, immediately washed in ice-cold saline and frozen in liquid nitrogen for extraction of total RNA. Plasma was collected for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC] and triglycerides [TG] measurements. All variables were compared by independent t test

Results: A significant increase in LXR alpha transcript level was observed in trained rats [P<0.01]. Plasma HDL-C concentration was also significantly higher [P<0.01] in trained rats. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of LDL-C [P<0.01] and TC [P<0.02], and the ratios of TC/HDL-C [P<0.001] and LDL/HDL-C [P<0.002] in trained rats. However, the TG concentration was unchanged [P>0.05]

Conclusion: We found that endurance training induces significant elevation in LXR alpha gene expression and plasma HDL-C concentration resulting in depletion of the cellular cholesterol. Therefore, it seems that a contributor to the positive effects of exercise in cardiovascular disease prevention is through the expression of LXR alpha, which is a key step in reverse cholesterol transport

Effects of gamma oryzanol supplementation on anthropometric measurements & muscular strength in healthy males following chronic resistance training.

Background & objectives: Enhanced muscle strength is seen when resistance exercise is combined with the consumption of nutritional supplements. Although there is a limited number of studies available about the efficacy of gamma oryzanol supplementation with resistance exercise in humans, but its usage as a nutritional supplement for strength is common in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gamma oryzanol supplementation during 9-week resistance training on muscular strength and anthropometric measurements of young healthy males. Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, changes of anthropometric measurements and muscular strength were studied after chronic resistance exercise and gamma oryzanol supplementation in 30 healthy volunteers (16 in supplement and 14 in placebo). Each day, gamma oryzanol supplement (600 mg) and placebo (the same amount of lactose) were consumed after training. The participants exercised with 80 per cent 1-Repetition Maximum (1-RM), for one hour and four days/week. Anthropometric measurements and subjects’ 1-RM for muscular strength were determined at the commencement and end of the 9-week study. Results: There was no significant difference between the baseline characteristics and target variables at baseline between the two groups. After gamma oryzanol supplementation, there was no significant difference in the means of anthropometric and skin fold measurements between the supplement and placebo groups. However, there were significant differences between the supplement and placebo groups for 1-RM of bench press and leg curl, which showed that gamma oryzanol improved muscle strength following resistance training. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings indicated that 600 mg/day gamma oryzanol supplementation during the 9-week resistance training did not change anthropometric and body measurements, but it increased muscular strength in young healthy males. Further, studies need to be done in trained athletes, women, and in patients who suffer from muscular fatigue.

Strategies for reprogramming of adult cells: from nuclear transfer to induction of pluripotency using specific transcription factors

Clinical application of embryonic stem[ES] cells faces difficulties regarding tissue rejection as well as ethical limitations. One solution for these issues is to reprogram somatic cells by the injection of their nucleus into an enucleated oocyte or zygote. However, technical complications and ethical considerations have impeded the therapeutic implications of this technology. An approach which is most recently developed is in vitro induction of reprogramming in adult cells. This was first achieved by using four transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. Subsequently, many ongoing efforts were performed for enhancing this method, also for making it compatible with clinical applications. However, there is still a long road ahead. In this paper we review strategies to reprogram somatic cells to embryonic state and discuss about the recent strategy and the relevant developments