RESUMEN
Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection [UTI] caused by Escherichia coli is a common infection. Fluoroquinolones are frequently used for treatment of UTI and improper use of these antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used commonly for the treatment of UTI
Material and Methods: From March to September 2014, we collected 1723 urine samples from four hospitals in Rasht. After culture and identification of E.coli, antibiogram was performed using ciprofloxacin disk. Plasmid DNA was extracted for amplification of qnrA, qnrB and qnrS. PCR products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gel containing syber safe. Using SPSS version 18, data analysis was performed by andchi2 test
Results: Of 309 isolated E.coli strains, 139 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin among which, 96 [69.1%], 103 [74.1%] and 8 [5.8%] samples were carrying qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes respectively. 9 strains were carrying qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes simultaneously. Comparison of qnr genes in susceptible and resistant strains to ciprofloxacin showed that qnrS gene was associated with ciprofloxacin resistance
Conclusion: It is necessary to prevent the improper use of antibiotic because of increasing antibiotic resistance. Since qnr genes were detected in some susceptible strains, some other mechanisms such as mutation could be involved in the development of ciprofloxacin resistance
RESUMEN
In this study, two conserved genes [M1 and NP] of influenza virus were expressed in a bicistronic vector in order to develop a universal gene based vaccine. Plasmids M1-pIRES2-EGFP, pIRES2-NP were constructed by cloning the PCR products of M1 and NP genes which were amplified from the A/Peurto Rico/8/34 [H1N1] influenza virus strain into the plasmid expression vector pIRES2-EGFP, respectively. For construction of M1-pIRES2-NP bicistronic plasmid, M1 gene was extracted from M1-pIRES-EGFP plasmid and subcloned into pIRES2-NP construct. Finally, simultaneous expression of both genes was assessed by transient transfection of bicistronic plasmid into BHK-21 cell lines and subsequent immunofluorescence staining. The results of enzymatic double digestions on the constructed plasmids and sequencing demonstrated the success of cloning processes of above mentioned genes. Correct expression of these genes was confirmed by M1-pIRES2-NP plasmid expression in BHK-21 cell lines confirmed by immunofluoresence microscopy. Simultaneous expression of influenza M1 and NP genes from a bicistronic plasmid containing "IRES" sequence is achievable