RESUMEN
Background and Aims: the growth of population and pollutions of discharge types of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewaters, leachate of disposal waste, spread the pollution in water resources and limited this resources. Survey of pollution and Evaluation of water quality in rivers with OWQI and GIS are effective tools for management of impact of environmental water resource
Materials and Methods:this survey is cross-sectional and quality parameters determined. this parameters is: Temperature, Fecal Coliform[F.C], Biochemical Oxygen Demand[BOD5], Nitrates[NO3], Total Phosphate[PO4], pH, Dissolved Oxygen[DO],Turbidity, total solid[TS]. Sampling for watershed was carried out over 12 month from 6 station Also this data analyzed with OWQI index, then river basis on quality of water was zoning by GIS
Results: The average of OWQI between 6 station, the highest average was 33.04, which corresponds to "very bad" quality water at the sampling point 1[best station] and decreased to around 14.55 [very bad quality] at the sampling point 6. The association between sampling month and water quality index was statistically significant [p<0.05]. for drinking uses, sampling point 1 were suitable than other sampling points. This station,s water with pH adjustment and primarily treatment can sues for drinking
Conclusion: With physical, chemical and biological agent monitoring and also with control of water quality indexes this points, we observed impact of environmental pollution in the length of river. This situation of river shown, river changed to wastewater channel and quality and quantity of water in this river were changed
RESUMEN
Background: Survey of pollution and evaluation of water quality in rivers with Oregon Water Quality Index [OWQI] and GIS are effective tools for management of the impact of environmental water resources. The information in calculating the WQI of Moradbeik river allowed us to take our tests results and make a scientific conclusion about the quality of water. GIS can be a powerful tool for developing solutions for water resources problems for assessing water quality, determining water availability, preventing flooding, understanding the natural environment, and managing water resources on a local or regional scale
Methods: The WQI of Moradbeik river consists of nine tests: Fecal Coliform [FC], Biochemical Oxygen Demand [BOD[5]], Nitrates [NO[3]], Total Phosphate [PO[4]], pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen [DO], turbidity, and Total Solid [TS]. Water quality of Moradbeik river was investigated for 12 months. Concentrations of these nine variables were normalized on a scale from 0 to 100 and translated into statements of water quality [excellent, good, regular, fair, and poor]. Also this data were analyzed with WQI index, and then river basis on water quality was zoning by GIS
Results: The average of WQI was 61.62, which corresponded to ''medium'' quality water at the sampling point 1 [best station] and decreased to around 26.41 [bad quality] at sampling point 6. The association between sampling points and water quality indexes was statistically significant [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Based on physical, chemical and biological agent monitoring and also with control of water quality indexes of these points, we observed wastewater and other river pollutants
RESUMEN
Background: Although various surface disinfectants have been introduced, most of them are toxic. The use of natural antimicrobial agent e.g. phytol, extracted from Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a new strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, toxicity, and stability of phytol
Methods: The serial concentrations of phytol were prepared, and separately incubated with four microbial isolates. Then, its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was measured for each microorganism. For toxicity test, serial concentrations [62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 [micro]g/mL] of phytol were incubated with mouse skin cells, and then cell viability was calculated by MTT assay. For stability test, three common surfaces [stone, steel, and MDF] were considered. Then, 100 [micro]L of phytol was separately spread over their surface, and they have been kept at lab panel for 12, 24 and 36 hours. After incubation, two samples were obtained from each surface and inoculated on nutrient agar plates. Finally, colony count was read for each surface. T-test was used to evaluate the significant differences between groups, and P>0.05 considered as level of significant difference
Results: The MIC50 of phytol against E.coli, C.albicans, and A.niger was 62.5 [micro]g/mL, and against S.aureus was >1000 [micro]g/mL. MTT assay showed that the toxicity of phytol was dose and time dependent. The stability test demonstrated that phytol was stable on the stone, MDF, and steel surfaces until 36 hours
Conclusion: It can be concluded that phytol has high antimicrobial activity, high stability, and low toxicity. This substance must be evaluated at actual conditions
RESUMEN
Eutrophication is one of the detrimental environmental problems in water reser-voirs dye to the irregular introducing nutrients [phosphorus and nitrogen]. This study aimed to explore the eutrophication state of Ekbatan Reservoir, Hamadan, western Iran. Monthly sampling was conducted during April 2010 to March 2011. Seven sampling stations were selected in the various locations of the reservoir and the samples were collected in the depth of 50 cm. The grab sampling of water for nitrogen, phosphorous and chlorophyll-a was carried out at all localities by Hatch sampler. The trophic state of the dam was determined by Carlson's Trophic State Index [TSI] and Chapra's classification. The highest concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were measured in August and the lowest concentration for both of the parameters was determined in February. The TSI index according phosphorus concentration showed that the reservoir was in eutrophic status during May to November and was in mesotrophic status over November to May. It seems that the eutrophication process in the lake was resulted from the rural wastewaters and agricultural fertilizers. Therefore, using long term management methods includ-ing prevent of uncontrolled discharge of agricultural wastewaters is recommended in order to reduce the eutrophication in the reservoir. Decrease of phosphorus concentration in the dam by 50% can convert the eutrophic state to mesotrophic state.