Efficacy of Steroid-Impregnated Spacers After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives@#. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of steroid-impregnated spacers to that of conventional management after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). @*Methods@#. Six databases were searched from inception until November 2022. Sixteen studies were found that compared the improvement of chronic sinusitis-related symptoms and postoperative outcomes between a steroid-impregnated spacer group and a control group (non-steroid-impregnated spacers). The Cochrane risk of bias tool (for randomized controlled studies) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for non-randomized controlled studies) were used to assess the quality of the works included. @*Results@#. Regarding the endoscopic findings, the degree of mucosal edema, ethmoid inflammation, crust formation at 2–3 months postoperatively, nasal discharge, polyposis, and scarring/synechia were significantly lower in the steroid-impregnated spacer group. The steroid-impregnated spacer group also showed significantly lower Lund–Kennedy scores and perioperative sinus endoscopy scores than the control group at 2–3 weeks postoperatively. Furthermore, the steroid-impregnated spacer group had lower rates of adhesions, middle turbinate lateralization, polypoid changes, the need for oral steroid use, the need for postoperative therapeutic interventions, and lysis of adhesions than controls. However, no significant between-group differences were found in short-term (2–3 weeks postoperatively) endoscopic findings regarding nasal discharge, postoperative crusting, polyposis, or scarring/synechia. @*Conclusion@#. Steroid-impregnated nasal packing reduced the rates of postoperative intervention and recurrent polyposis and inflammation in CRS patients undergoing ESS.

Intracranial aneurysms in Ghanaian adults

Objective: To document the location, size, and multiplicity of intracranial aneurysms in Ghanaians who have undergone digital subtraction angiography (DSA) at a single centre in Accra, Ghana. Design: We conducted a retrospective observational review of the medical records of all patients diagnosed with intracranial aneurysms on DSA Setting: Patients' medical records at Euracare Advanced Diagnostic and Heart Centre were reviewed between March 2018 and March 2020. Participants: Thirty-one patients were identified with various intracranial aneurysms (IAs) within the study period. Patients' ages, sex, and types of IAs were extracted using a checklist and analysed using Microsoft Excel for Windows 2016. Interventions: None Main outcome measures: The prevalence of types and distribution of intracranial aneurysms. Results: The age range of the patients was 26-76 years, with a mean age of 45.5±14.3 years. The mean age of men and women with IA was 45.5 ±15.9 years and 46.7 51.3±12.9 years, respectively. The most common IAs were located in the posterior communicating artery (PCOM) at 54.8% (95%CI: 36.0, 72.7), followed by the anterior communicating (ACOM), which constituted 32.3% (95%CI: 16.7, 51.4). The majority, 89.2% (33/37) of these aneurysms were less than 7mm in diameter. Single aneurysms were present in 25 (80.6%). Conclusion: The most common IAs were found in the PCOM and ACOM, and IAs tend to rupture at a younger age and smaller size among the Ghanaian adults examined. Early detection and treatment of IAs less than 7mm in diameter is recommended.

The effect of adding nanoparticles to dental porcelain on the fracture resistance and bond strength to zirconia core

Background: Porcelain combined with zirconia core substructure has low fracture toughness. Nanoparticles are incorporated into the porcelain to boost its mechanical properties. Aims: To evaluate the effect of the incorporation of silver oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles into porcelain powder on the bond strength of porcelain veneer to zirconia core. The flexural strength of nanoparticles?modified porcelain was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: The flexural strength of feldspathic porcelain was measured (according to ISO specifications number 6872) after the incorporation of silver and titanium oxide nanoparticles. For measuring the bond strength at the porcelain?zirconia interface, 70 bars (4 × 4 × 12 mm) of zirconia were cut and fired in a furnace. The control and nanoparticles?modified porcelain powders were built up on the zirconia bars and fired to create veneers of 3 mm height, 4 mm width and 4 mm thickness. The porcelain veneers were de?attached from the zirconia core by the universal testing machine. The failure load was recorded to calculate the bond strength. Statistical Analysis: The data were analysed with one?way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Results: The addition of 0.5–1.5% silver oxide nanoparticles to feldspathic porcelain increased the flexural strength. The addition of 1.0–4.0% titanium oxide nanoparticles to feldspathic porcelain increased the flexural strength. Either 0.5–1.0% silver oxide or 3.0–4.0% titanium oxide nanoparticles in feldspathic porcelain increased the shear bond strength to zirconia core. Conclusion: The flexural strength of porcelain veneer and the bond strength at porcelain?zirconia interface can be improved by adding either 0.5% silver oxide nanoparticles or 4% titanium oxide nanoparticles to porcelain powder.

Periotome versus piezotome as an aid for atraumatic extraction:a randomized controlled trial

Objectives@#A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of the periotome and piezotome as aids for atraumatic extraction and its sequalae. @*Materials and Methods@#The study sample comprised 48 teeth, equally allotted to the piezotome or periotome groups by random allocation, in par-ticipants aged 19-62 years. All samples in both groups had either complete tooth structure or intact roots without crowns and had mobility ≤grade II.Clinical parameters of operative duration, presence or absence of gingival laceration, reported operative and postoperative pain, and intake of analgesics following extraction were recorded. IBM SPSS software package version 22 was used for data entry and analysis. @*Results@#The mean operation time was significantly (P≤0.05) longer in the piezotome group than in the periotome group. However, fewer gingival lac-erations were observed with use of a piezotome than with a periotome, although no significant difference was observed. The piezotome group reported significantly (P≤0.05) higher visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores during the procedure and non-significantly higher scores thereafter until the third postoperative day. In the piezotome group, the dosage of analgesic was higher, although the periotome group had a higher percentage of participants who used analgesics postoperatively; however, these differences were not statistically significant. @*Conclusion@#The present clinical trial favors the use of periotome over piezotome for atraumatic extraction due to shorter operating time, lower postoperative VAS pain scores, and lower dosage of analgesics despite the superior ability of the piezotome to prevent gingival laceration.

Factors associated with poor access to HIV and sexual and reproductive health services in Nigeria for women and girls living with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aim: To determine the proportion of women and girls living with HIV (WGLHIV) who had poor access to HIV, tuberculosis and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that recruited WGLHIV with six categories of vulnerability (sex work, transactional sex, injecting or using illegal drugs, people on the move, transgender women and people with a disability) through an online survey conducted in ten Nigerian states between June and October 2021. The associations between the limited access to HIV, tuberculosis and SRH services due to COVID-19, the categories of vulnerability and the financial and non-financial barriers to these services were determined using multivariable logistics regression analysis. Results: Over 6 in 10, almost 2 in 10, and almost 4 in 10 WGLHIV had limited access to HIV, tuberculosis and SRH services respectively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transgender women had 3.59 (95% CI 2.19­5.91) higher odds, women who engaged in sex work had 4.51 (95% CI 2.28­8.42) higher odds, and women who inject or use illegal drugs had 2.39 (95% CI 1.47­32.90) higher odds of facing limited access to sexual and reproductive health services when it was needed. In addition, the direct consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, such as the closure of HIV services and SRH service points, exacerbated pre-existing barriers significantly. Having no money, having to pay additional unofficial fees and the lack of security on the road to the health facility were the barriers with the greatest impact on access to health services. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the access of WGLHIV to essential health services. This impact was disproportionately higher for marginalised groups. WGLHIV need non-discriminatory and affordable access to essential health services during the pandemic.

Prevalent Beliefs and Attitude toward Vitiligo among Public in Al Baha Province, Southern Saudi Arabia

ntroduction: Vitiligo is an apparent skin condition that has a psychological impact on the affected individuals and their families. Its prevalence is estimated to be about (0.5-2%) globally. Misunderstandings, and negative attitudes toward vitiligo patients are the most important factors affecting the quality of life of vitiligo patients. Objective:The objective of this study was to identify the common misconceptions and attitudes about the nature, causes and prognosis of vitiligoin Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Methods:A cross sectional study collected data from the general population in the public malls in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. We used a questionnaire which was developed by the authors, the questionnaire included questions regarding vitiligo cause, nature, prognosis and the attitude toward vitiligo Results:A total of (453) responses were analysed, of which (53%) were females, and (90.9%) were Saudis. Theparticipants’ ages ranged from (16 -64) with a mean of (28.3). The majority of our sample had a high level of education; university (65.1%), High school (26%) and less than high school (6%). Our population believed that gecko and its saliva were the commonest cause (38.1%). Most of the respondents (44.4%) thought that the condition is exaggerated by stress and anxiety. Regarding attitude; (31.5%) are unwilling to marry a vitiligo patient. Conclusion:The results of the present study show that the misconceptions and attitudes toward vitiligo are prevalent. Health awareness campaigns should be implanted to educate the people and improve the quality of life of the affected individuals

Prevalence of Depression among Resident Doctors in King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Depression is a common mental disorder in adults, and the World Health Organization (WHO) hasranked it as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Doctors are not immune to the disorder; in fact,they have a higher risk than the general population, which affects the physician’s life and compromises the qualityof the health services. In Saudi Arabia, resident doctors’ mental health is under-recognized, and more studiesneed to be conducted to fill this gap. Objectives: This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of depressionamong resident doctors working at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, and analyzing the associated factors.Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design. The resident doctors in KFMC hospital in Riyadhparticipated in this study by filling questionnaires, including a depression-screening instrument (CES-D), asociodemographic datasheet, and questions about other associated factors. Results: One hundred and nineteenresidents responded with an overall response rate of 70%. Based on categorical levels of the CES-D, 41% (49)did not have depression, 20% (24) had mild to moderate depression, and 39% (46) had probable majordepression. There were significant differences in depression by gender with higher rates among women (55.1%)than men (27.1%). Further, participants with a history of depression were more likely to have depression (62%).

role of tonsillectomy in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea [OS A] is caused by a partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway. OSA is a very inconvenient and relatively common disorder with daytime and nocturnal symptoms. The intervention and management of OSR is dependent on the patients' case severity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and the optimal choice of Tonsillectomy for treatment of OSR. Methods: a systematic search in the scientific database [Medline, EMBASE, Google Scholer and Ovid] from 1980 to 2016 was conducted for all relevant retrospective studies including; randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies were analyzed and included based on the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria

Results: the search has yielded twelve studies to be included in the present SR [n = 206 patients, 34.4+/- 10.0 years and body mass index: 29.3 +/- 9.6 kg/m2] met criteria. Tonsils sizes were hypertrophied, large, enlarged, extremely enlarged, or grades 2 to 4. Apnea-Hypopnea Index decreased by 65.2% [from 43.73 +/- 21.7 /hour to 13.7 3 +/- 12.7 /hour] [n - 198]. The AHI mean difference [MD] was -30.2 per hour [95% confidence interval [CI] -39.3, -21.1] [P value < 0.00001]

The AHI SMD was -1.37 [-1.65, -1.09] [large effect]. Lowest oxygen saturation improved from 77.7 3 +/- 11.9% to 85.5 3 +/- 8.2% [n = 186]. Lowest oxygen saturation MD was 8.5% [95% CI 5.2, 11.8] [P value < 0.00001]

The Epworth Sleepiness Scale decreased from 11.6 3 +/- 3.7 to 6.1 3 +/- 3.9 [n = 125]. Individual patient outcomes [n = 52] demonstrated an 85.2% success rate [AHI < 20/hour and > 50% reduction] and a 57.4% cure rate. Conclusion: tonsillectomy is an effective and safe surgical intervention for treatment of OSA in adults, particularly among carefully selected patients with large tonsils and mild to moderate OSA severity

effect of mehotrexate in the treatment of alopecia areata

Background: Alopecia areata [AA] is one of the most common autoimmune disorders and its severe types are resistant to almost all conventional therapies. Methotrexate [MTX] has been used as an adjunctive therapy in some autoimmune disorders and has been proposed to be effective in the treatment of severe alopecia areata both as a monotherapy and in combination with corticosteroids

Aim of the study: was to evaluate the outcome and safety of MTX therapy in patients with severe forms of AA, whether as monotherapy or in combination with systemic or intralesional corticosteroids; and to assess therapeutic response according to sex, age, pattern of AA, disease duration and cumulative MTX dose

Methods: 28 patients were evaluated in a retrospective, non-controlled study, with alopecia areata in current or prior treatment with methotrexate to assess the therapeutic response according to sex, age, pattern of alopecia areata, disease duration, and cumulative dose of methotrexate as well as the use of systemic corticosteroids or other treatments, and drug safety

Results: 77.8%% of patients experienced a more than 50% regrowth rate, with the best responses observed in those with <5 years of disease progression [81%], age over 40 years [84.6%], male patients [80%], cumulative dose of methotrexate 1000-1500 mg, and multifocal alopecia areata [83.3%], patients receiving systemic corticosteroids in combination with methotrexate, 78.5% had greater than 50% regrowth, compared with 45.3% in those who used methotrexate alone. The therapeutic dose ranged from 10-25 mg/week. No patient had serious adverse effects. Relapse was observed in 35.4% of patients with more than 50% regrowth

Conclusion: methotrexate is a convenient and relatively inexpensive drug that could be used as a safe and well tolerated adjunctive therapy for severe alopecia areata although careful monitoring of adverse

Carotid endarterectomy versus medical therapy in stroke prevention

Stroke is one of the leading causes of deaths in different parts of the world affecting individuals of different ages, it is mostly dominant among people having risk factors such drug abuse, having a background of a mild stroke, and overweight. Various approaches including carotid endarterectomy [CEA] and medical therapy have been used as mechanisms for preventing stroke particularly ipsilateral ischemia. However, there are several studies suggesting that even though CEA has the potential of reducing the risks of stroke, incidences of a high residual risk of stroke after carotid endarterectomy since Various cases of increased short-term myocardial infarction after CEA are recorded. Based on the results drawn from randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of CEA and medical therapy ,CEA provides better protection from ipsilateral strokes than the latter. The efficacy of CEA is more pronounced in patients presenting symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. The aim of this study was to explore the comparative merits and demerits of using carotid endarterectomy and medical therapy to determine the most appropriate of the two approaches to be used in specific cases

This research concludes that even through both therapeutic methods and carotid endarterectomy have the ability to reduce the predisposition of patients to different events of stroke, each of them have inherent limitations that must be addressed effectively to contribute to overall positive medical outcomes

systematic review of the safety of nipple sparing mastectomy

Background: Breast cancer is a complex disease, and local recurrence and cancer-related death is likely multifactorial. Over the past three decades there has been a move towards breast conservation and a focus on aesthetic outcomes while maintaining oncological safety. For some patients, mastectomy is the preferred option. There is growing interest in the potential use of nipple sparing mastectomy [NSM]. However, oncological safety remains unproven, and the benefits and indications have not been clearly identified

Methods: A Systematic search in the scientific database [Medline, EMBASE, Google Scholer and Ovid] from 1980 to 2016 was conducted for all relevant retrospective studies including; randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-studies involving women undergoing either NSM were analyzed and included based on the preset inclusion criteria

Results: The search yielded 1193 articles, of which 55 studies with 9053 patients met our selection criteria. After a mean follow up of 41 months [range, 7.1-78 months], the overall pooled locoregional recurrence rate [LRR] was 3.25%, the overall complication rate was 21.8% [1309 of 6003], and the overall incidence of nipple necrosis, either partial or total, was 6.6 % [561 of 8438]. Significant heterogeneity was found among the published studies and patient selection was affected by tumor characteristics

Conclusion: There is growing evidence that NSM has been marked as oncologically safe in women with small, peripherally located tumors, without multicentricity, or when performed as a prophylactic mastectomy. Hence, NSM has been recommended only if carefully selected for a particular group of patients

Comparison of smoking and khat chewing habits between medical and non-medical female students at UST, Sana'a, Yemen

Background: Smoking is a worldwide problem that kills millions of people. Women smoke much lower than males but the numbers of smoker women are growing up. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of smoking and khat chewing in medical and non-medical female students at University of Science and Technology [UST], Sana'a, Yemen

Methods: We used self-administrated questionnaire to collect cross-sectional data from a randomly selected sample of medical and non-medical female students of UST in 2012-2013. Overall, 480 students completed and returned the questionnaire, medical students represented 50% of them

Results: The prevalence of smoking was significantly low among female medical students [P=0.045], however, not significantly difference was found between medical and non-medical female students in khat chewing habits [P=0.083]. Non-smoker medical female students who tried smoking [45.6%] were significantly lower than non-medical students [54.4%], and curiosity was the main reason for trying smoking. Water pipe was the most common type of smoking among smoker students [78.6%]. Out of 26 female students who smoke and chew khat, 18 students reported that they smoke more while they chew khat

Conclusions: Our study highlights the need for increased health education, awareness, and knowledge of the risks of smoking and particularly khat chewing to reduce these habits among female university students especially in non-medical female students

role of school broadcasting in developing some social skills for a sample of talented disabled children

Problem: What is the role of the school radio communication skill development in a sample of gifted children mentally disabled "Down" and "are able to learn"?, and The ramifications of this question, a group of sub-questions, including

Importance: Find a childhood of what characterizes this stage of the important characteristics of the stages of growth, and The lack of associated school radio activities in general studies -within the limits of science researcher Almtoadah-as well as studies on the relationship between the media school activities and the development of some social skills

Objectives: To reach the goals pursued through radio programs and school activities, "Study sample", and To identify the communication skill provided by radio school activities for disabled children gifted

Sample: It includes a set of sample school media activities provided schools with special needs in Egypt, and a sample of school students prep for public schools, for the disabled intellectually "Consenting class to learn", or cases of learning difficulties in these schools] and talented at the same technically time or literary or sports, ... in the governorate of Cairo and Giza governorate,Qalubia

Results: School radio came in the forefront of media education in schools respondents activities, The percentage of watching the school provided radio school on a regular basis of the total study sample items amounted to 16.00%, divided between 12.09% for males compared to 20.54% for females, The proportion of follow-up school radio for females was higher than the proportion of males have a follow-up, and The ability to communicate with others came by 23.93% of the total study sample vocabulary, distributed among 18.67% of the total male sample items in exchange for 28.65% of the total female sample vocabulary, where there is a difference between the two percentages statistically significant at the 0.001 level of significance, the value of Z calculated predictive value of 3.24 which is the existence of a relationship between the two ratios milestone at 0.999 confidence level

suggested behavioral cognitive program for limiting problematic behavior of sexually abused children

Objective: Is an attempt to lower severity of the behavior problem of children who suffer exposition to sexual abuse, through using the proposed cognitive behavioral program

Sample: Group consists 13 females children who are exposed to sexual abuse

Problem: The study problem could be crystallized in this following Question: What is the effectiveness of a behavioural cognitive program restricting the behaviour problem of children being exposed to sexual abuse? From this major inquiry, the following minor inquiries are derived What is the effectiveness of the proposed behavioural cognitive program alleviating severity of the behaviour problem of female children being exposed to sexual abuse7, What is the effectiveness of the proposed behavioural cognitive program alleviating severity of the behaviour problem of children being exposed to sexual abuse from a list of problem behavior, What is the effectiveness of the proposed behavioural cognitive program alleviating severity of the behaviour problem of children being exposed to sexual abuse after passing one month of applying the program?

Methodology: The experimental method with one group design technique by applying the pre, post, trace evaluation test

Tools: Behavioral cognitive program, Content Analysis from of files, Behavioral program List

Results: There were statistically significant differences between the average scores of female on the list of problem behavior [Before, After] exposure to the program. There were statistically significant differences between the average scores of female on the list of problem behavior term of abuse for the benefit of the least period, and There are no significant statically differences between average scores of girls suffering sexual abuse on behavior problem scale after being exposed to the program for one whole month at significance

image of Egyptian army as reflected in songs presented on YouTube and its relation to its mental image among adolescents

Aims: The present study aims to identify the image of the Egyptian army in the songs presented on YouTube site "study sample" and its relation to the mental image which formed in adolescents study sample on the Egyptian army

Methods: This study is considered from descriptive studies and it uses a survey methodology with Both analytical and field approach

Sample and Tools: The researcher used the content analysis form in order to survey a sample of the songs on YouTube in the period from February 117 2011 until March 157 2015, as well as questionnaire to apply to intentional sample of users of YouTube strength 400 subjects 200 males-200 females of the Universities Ain Shams-October 6 of adolescents in the first phase of the university

Results: The analytical study found that the reign of Chancellor Adly Mansour came in the first term of being more periods which produce songs reflect the image of the Egyptian army and brought on YouTube with a rate of 59.2%, in second term came the reign of the military junta was headed by the Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi by 26.5%, followed by the reign of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi by 8.2%, Sacrificing feature occupied the first term with a rate of 20.5%, in second term came the power characteristic with a rate of 16.4% and land protection feature came in third place with a rate of 14.5%, while the field study showed a high rate of adolescents View songs that reflect the image of the Egyptian army with a rate of 74.5%, compared to 25.5% do not watch

Role of documentary films in development of cultural awareness of adults

Aims: The study aims to find out documentary films in the development of cultural awareness and health education especially among adults and the nature of the materials and templates used by audio and visual effects, which depend on business documentaries and density patterns show documentary films

Methods: This study of descriptive studies, and used the survey methodology and the study population is all the programs presented to the National Geographic Abu Dhabi TV and sample analytical represented in the documentary films presented at the period from 1-1-015 to 31-1-2015 consisted study tools in the analysis of Form Group secured

Results: The study found that The intensity patterns show National Geographic Channel documentary health programs amounted to 82 hours of broadcast hours of total broadcast hours, which amounted to 744 hours by 11.02% during the study period, More documentary formats commonly used during the study period, the documentary program where the ratio was at 65%, then the chains 19% mold films 16% and relied on the moving image by 96% natural photo realism 100% and used drawings and graphics by 43% and visual effects by 73% and ranged Programs for between [30-45] sec. in 55% of them were moving the camera in 95% of the business and relied on foreign filming locations by 97%, and the idea was used in realistic business by 93% and more topics are the environmental, social and economic ValalmahValtarichah and Oktralohdav which sought to achieve is Althagavyah 85% and entertainment 40%, education 24%. Other elements of cultural awareness used is the use of technology, 47%, and preservation of the environment 36%, then 35% and affiliation were Allghalmstkhaddma in most foreign language programs are dubbed in Arabic and 84% due to the nature of the channel, which depends on the re-broadcast the National Geographic channel dubbed programs. The study concluded that it can Documentary Film to play an important role in the cultural awareness directing people to gain health and cultural information and urging them to change health concepts and directing them to follow proper behavior desired and contain documentary material health that exposure to teenagers on the scientific information simplified development progress in the mold programmatic interesting camera uses nature and the environment movements and visual and sound effects appropriate

role of puppets' theatre in development of visual skills of children with learning disabilities

Introduction: Child's theatre represents one of the most important educational medium, tool, and art affecting all his life stages. Puppets' theatre is a modern educational means and exciting source of attraction for children in general and children with learning disabilities in particular. The current study sheds lights on the potentials of puppets theatre in attempt to utilize its potentialities in developing some sensomotor skills of children with learning disabilities

Problem: It is defined in the following inquiry What is the effectiveness of using the puppet theatre for developing some sensomotor skills among children with learning disabilities?

Significance: The current study assists those children through some programs for developing the sensomotor skills to treat and develop their potentials; through designing a collection of puppets which are attractive and enjoyable for children to develop their skills

Objectives: The study checks out the effectiveness of using the puppet theatre in developing the sensomotor skills of children with learning disabilities

Population and Sample: Thirty children [Male/ Females] are selected from mental education schools in Cairo governorate, aged [9-15] year olds, divided into two equal groups, the control and the experimental, whose 1Q ranges [70-90], with fixed socio-economic level

Type and Method: It uses the experimental method

Tools: The designed Program for measuring efficacy of participation in using puppets' theatre for developing some sensomotor skills among children with learning disabilities [By Researcher], and A Scale of measuring the sensomotor skills [By Researcher]

Results: Regarding the first hypothesis, it is not proved as there exist significant statistical differences between the average scores of the control and the experimental group, post use of the program, in favor of the experimental group, and There are no significant statistical differences between the average scores of the experimental group students due to the socio-economic level, in favor of the middle socio-economic level, so, it is not proved

Vocabulary development of down syndrome educable children using the video clip children songs

Introduction: Mental disability considers one of the human problems that most societies are suffering from, as it is not limited only on specific social level, but it also includes all economic and cultural levels, Down syndrome considers one of the basic pattern of mental disability characterized by mental shortness and poorness. Hence, it is necessary that we search in impact of using songs with children of Down syndrome who are educable and examine the extent those children songs help enriching those children language vocabulary

Problem: The study problem is defined in the following main inquiry "What is the effectiveness of using the video clip children songs in developing the educable children of Down syndrome language vocabulary?"

Significance: The study is beneficial for all those are dealing with children of Down syndrome, particularly parents, professionals, and trainers, helping them to select the appropriate songs that increase children vocabulary

Objectives: Identifying the most popular and effective children songs may acquire the Down syndrome children language vocabulary. Study Population and Sample: A sample of 30 Male/ Female children is selected from mental education schools in Cairo governorate, aged [6-12] year olds, divided into two equal groups, the control and the experimental

Tools: The Achievement Test [by researcher], and The video clip of Children Songs Program, for developing vocabulary [by researcher]

Results: Regarding the first hypothesis that says There are significant statistical differences between the control and the experimental group, in favor of the experimental group; denoting the effectiveness of the video clip children songs in developing vocabulary, Regarding the second hypothesis of study, the results demonstrate that no significant statistical differences exist between males and females post use of the video children songs with the down syndrome educable children

role of public relations at the childhood associations in cultural awareness of Egyptian child

Problem: It is crystallized in the role of public relations in childhood associations in cultural awareness of Egyptian child

Objective: The study drives at identifying the most important activities and publications of public relations in childhood institutions practice, leading to child's enlightenment, identifying as well the quality of information children prefer, It also exposes topics and issues discussed in public relations activities and their association with children cultural edification, and the extent children follow up these activities

Significance: The study sheds light on the role of public relations in children cultural awareness of children in childhood associations, This study adds to the scientific reality represented in public relations in childhood institutions a new dimension in dealing with components and tasks of public relations by developing cultural awareness of Egyptian child, The study is concerned with the age stage [9-12] year olds, The study significance is crystallized in the significant role the public relations play in childhood institutions by increasing children cultural awareness, The study spotlights the role of the communicator in public relations in developing children cultural awareness

Method: the study counts on the media survey method

Sample: It consists of 200 [Male/Female] children members in childhood associations

Instruments: Scale of Cultural Awareness

Results: The study tackles with several important topics crystallized in cultural enlightenment of children, organizing relations with requirements, meeting problems and negatives in society, making children aware of rights and duties of citizenship, and identifying the political institution and approaches of nomination and election

Suggestions: The study suggests developing activities of public relations in order to develop cultural awareness through variation in cultural activities, handling topics associated with children, seeking assistance of professional, holding training courses, and cooperation with other institutions

role of social media in monitoring child's rights violations after arab revolutions

Introduction: The study seek to understand the role played by social networking sites [Facebook and Youtube] in the monitoring of violations suffered by the child, especially in the Arab countries that saw revolutions in the aftermath of 2011

Aims: The study aims to Identify the nature of the contents of the news, clips and videos, which are published in the pages of the study sample which relates to the issue of human rights violations in general and children in particular in the Arab world

Sample: The study uses Sample survey method to a sample of 2 Facebook pages and 2 Youtube channels discussed the issue of child rights violations Arab by studying and analyzing through the period of 1st January 2015 till 30th of March 2015

Tools: Content analysis form for facebook and youtube

Results: Results of the study show a number of issues, the important of which are as follows: Results of the Analytical Study Concerning members of the page in the published newsletters' content about violations of human rights in general and children in particular, Protecting from armed disputes came at the top of child rights on the published topics of facebook, and the right of health care came secondly, Both of facebook pages agreed to mention the main causes of violations that the child has, as injustice and careless of regimes came first, while, deterioration of political, economical and social positions came second, and Depending both of pages on "text and image" model, Lake of visible response from youtube users on both channels, The first assumption approved that's true, there's a medium extrusive connection between arranging facebook and youtube about children rights. The second assumption approved that's true, there's a medium extrusive connection between arranging facebook and youtube about the content of children rights