RESUMEN
The spleen is one of the most frequently injured intraperitoneal organs, and management of splenic injuries may require splenectomy. Traditionally, surgical removal of the spleen was done by an open approach using either an upper midline or left subcostal incision. Open splenectomy is performed in two major clinical scenarios: trauma and hematologic disease. With the advent of minimally invasive techniques, laparoscopic splenectomy has become a standard procedure for elective removal of the spleen for most indications. Nowadays laparoscopic splenectomy is the approach of choice for both benign and malignant diseases of the spleen. However, some contraindications still apply. The evolution of the technology has allowed though, cases which were considered to be absolute contraindications for performing a minimal invasive procedure to be treated with modified laparoscopic approaches. Moreover, the introduction of advanced laparoscopic tools for ligation resulted in less intraoperative complications. Today, laparoscopic splenectomy is considered safe, with better outcomes in comparison to open splenectomy, and the increased experience of surgeons allows operative times comparable to those of an open splenectomy. In this review we discussed the indications and the contraindications of laparoscopic splenectomy. Furthermore, we analyze the surgical techniques
RESUMEN
Bile duct stones [BDSs] may happen in up to 4%-15% of all patients for whom cholecystectomy is performed. Patients giving CBDS have manifestations including: biliary colic, jaundice, cholangitis, pancreatitis or might be asymptomatic. It is critical to recognize essential and auxiliary stones, in light of the fact that the treatment approach shifts. Stones found some time recently, amid, and after cholecystectomy had likewise contrasting medicines. Distinctive strategies have been utilized for the treatment of CBDS yet the appropriate treatment relies on upon conditions, for example, quiet' fulfilment, number and size of stones, and the specialists involvement in laparoscopy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with or without endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, laparoscopic CBD investigation [transcystic or transcholedochal], or laparotomy with CBD investigation [by T-tube, C-tube inclusion, or essential conclusion] are the most regularly utilized strategies overseeing CBDS [Common bile duct stones]. We will survey the pathophysiology of bile duct stones, finding, and distinctive procedures of treatment with particular concentrate on the different surgical modalities