RESUMEN
La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) en adultos posee elevada morbimortalidad y puede asociarse a complicaciones crónicas invalidantes. Sin embargo, la adherencia a estándares de cuidado no es óptima. Se analizó la evidencia disponible en tromboprofilaxis y se generaron recomendaciones (1) o sugerencias (2) con diferentes grados de evidencia (A, B o C) para diferentes escenarios y métodos de tromboprofilaxis. En cirugías ortopédicas mayores se recomienda la profilaxis farmacológica con heparinas de bajo peso molecular, HBPM (1B), fondaparinux, dabigatrán y rivaroxaban (1B) que deben iniciarse durante la internación y mantenerse hasta 35 días después de la cirugía de cadera y hasta 10 días posteriores a la artroplastia de rodilla. La artroscopia de rodilla y la cirugía de columna programada no requieren profilaxis farmacológica (2B) salvo que posean factores de riesgo adicionales, en cuyo caso se recomiendan las HBPM. En pacientes con internación clínica y movilidad reducida esperable mayor a tres días, que posean factores de riesgo adicionales, se recomienda tromboprofilaxis con HBPM, HNF o fondaparinux (1B) hasta el alta. Aquellos pacientes neuroquirúrgicos o con HIC deberán recibir inicialmente tromboprofilaxis mecánica (2C) y dependiendo del caso, iniciar HBPM o HNF entre las 24-72 horas posteriores (2C). Estas últimas dos drogas son recomendadas para pacientes críticos. Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías no ortopédicas con bajo riesgo de ETV deberán realizar deambulación precoz (2C) y tromboprofilaxis mecánica (2C), mientras que aquellos en los que el riesgo de ETV sea elevado deberán recibir HBPM y HNF (1B o 2C según su riesgo de sangrado).
The venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) in adults has a high morbidity and mortality. It can be also associated to disabling chronic conditions. In spite of this, prophylaxis in healthcare assistance is still underused. In this article, the available evidence in thromboprophylaxis was analyzed to offer recommendations (1) or suggestions (2) classified according to different levels of evidence (A, B or C). Different medical scenarios and types of thromboprophylaxis were analyzed. In major orthopedic surgeries low molecular weight heparins, LMWH, inhibitors of the Xa and IIa factors are recommended (1B) to be started during hospitalization and continued for 35 days in hip replacement surgery and for 10 days in total knee replacement surgery. Knee arthroscopy and spine surgery do not require pharmacologic treatment (2B) unless the patient has other risks factors for thrombosis. In such cases, LMWH are recommended. Non-surgical patients who have at least one risk factor should receive LMWH, NFH or fondaparinux (1B) if they are to be bedridden or unable to walk for three or more days. Patients undergoing neurosurgery or with intracranial hemorrhage should receive mechanic prophylaxis (2C), and accordingly they should start LMWH or NFH 24 to 72 hours afterwards (2C). The latter two drugs are recommended for critically ill patients. Patients with low risk for VTD undergoing other type of surgeries should be prescribed with mechanical prophylaxis (2C) and encouraged to walk promptly (2C), while those with high risk should be prescribed with LMWH or NFH (1B or 2C according to bleeding risk factors).
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Humanos , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapéutico , Heparina de Bajo-Peso-Molecular/uso terapéutico , Trombosis de la Vena/prevención & control , Argentina , Adhesión a Directriz , Incidencia , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Trombosis de la Vena/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) in adults has a high morbidity and mortality. It can be also associated to disabling chronic conditions. In spite of this, prophylaxis in healthcare assistance is still underused. In this article, the available evidence in thromboprophylaxis was analyzed to offer recommendations (1) or suggestions (2) classified according to different levels of evidence (A, B or C). Different medical scenarios and types of thromboprophylaxis were analyzed. In major orthopedic surgeries low molecular weight heparins, LMWH, inhibitors of the Xa and IIa factors are recommended (1B) to be started during hospitalization and continued for 35 days in hip replacement surgery and for 10 days in total knee replacement surgery. Knee arthroscopy and spine surgery do not require pharmacologic treatment (2B) unless the patient has other risks factors for thrombosis. In such cases, LMWH are recommended. Non-surgical patients who have at least one risk factor should receive LMWH, NFH or fondaparinux (1B) if they are to be bedridden or unable to walk for three or more days. Patients undergoing neurosurgery or with intracranial hemorrhage should receive mechanic prophylaxis (2C), and accordingly they should start LMWH or NFH 24 to 72 hours afterwards (2C). The latter two drugs are recommended for critically ill patients. Patients with low risk for VTD undergoing other type of surgeries should be prescribed with mechanical prophylaxis (2C) and encouraged to walk promptly (2C), while those with high risk should be prescribed with LMWH or NFH (1B or 2C according to bleeding risk factors).
Asunto(s)
Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapéutico , Heparina de Bajo-Peso-Molecular/uso terapéutico , Trombosis de la Vena/prevención & control , Adulto , Argentina , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Adhesión a Directriz , Humanos , Incidencia , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/efectos adversos , Trombosis de la Vena/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Varón de 50 años, con 7 meses de enfermedad caracterizada por mialgias, astenia, y malestar general. cinco meses antes de ingresar al Hospital Dos de Mayo (HNDM), desarrolla derrame pleural derecho que requiere drenaje pleural (1500-2500 cc/día). Internado en el HNDM se descubre un derrame pleural bilateral con incremento de triglicéridos. Una tomografía espiral multicorte (TEM), de tórax con contraste demostró adenopatías mediastinales, derrame pleural bilateral, liquido al interior de la pleura mediastinal derecha posterior adyacente a D10-D11-D12, e imagen osteolítica en cuerpo vertebral de D11. Una biopsia de ganglio axilar izquierdo, reveló un Linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH), folicular de células grandes y pequeñas. Estando sometido a una dieta alta en triglicéridos de cadena media y aceite de oliva como suplemento el paciente recibió quimioterapia (Dexametasona, Ciclofosfamida, Doxorrubicina, Vincristina), siendo dado de alta después del primer ciclo, con programación de quimioterapias cada 3 semanas y toracocentesis evacuatorias periódicas condicionales. Después de 5 meses de tratamiento, el quilotórax bilateral desapareció.
This is the story of a 50 year-old male subject with a 7-month illness characterized by myalgia, fatigue, and malaise. 5 months before being admitted to Dos de Mayo National Hospital (HNDM), he developed right pleural effusion requiring pleural drainage (1500-2500 mL/day).While in HNDM, the patient developed bilateral pleural effusion with increased triglycerides. A multiple-slice contrast spiral CT (TEM) of the chest showed mediastinal lymph node enlargement, bilateral pleural effusion, and the presence of fluid within the right posterior mediastinal pleura adjacent to D10-D11-D12, and an osteolytic image in D11 vertebral body. A left axillary lymph node biopsy revealed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), follicular type with large and small cells. The patient received a diet rich in medium-chain triglycerides and olive oilas a supplement, and he also received chemotherapy (dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine), being discharged after the first cycle. Chemotherapy was scheduled to be administered every 3 weeks, and drainage thoracentesis were also scheduled to be performed during his probation period. After 5 months of treatment, bilateral chylothorax disappeared.