Risk factors of urinary bladder cancer in Peshawar region of Khyber Pukhtoonkhawa

Urinary Bladder cancer is a fatal disease. No work about its risk factors has been conducted in northern Pakistan. This case control study was conducted in order to investigate the risk factors of the urinary bladder cancer in that area. For this study 150 subjects including 50 cases and 100 controls were interviewed from the 2 tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar and the information was collected about the characteristics like gender, age, smoking habits, family history of cancer, etc. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explain the risk factors of the disease. Odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were computed by using logistic regression model. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for chemical exposure are 4.637 and [1.022-21.053], for cigarette smoking 19.526 and [4.688-81.329], for lifestyle 0.171 and [0.031-0.943], for fluid consumption 0.025 and [0.005-0.115], for fried items 5.934 and [1.429-24.648], and for fruits are 0.173 [0.045-0.660], respectively. Chemical exposure, cigarette smoking, and high use of fried items increase the risk of urinary bladder cancer. Moderate lifestyle, high fluid consumption and use of fruits are protective against the disease

statistical study of associated risk factors for diabetes in Karachi - Pakistan

The associated risk factors on diabetes in the city of Karachi were studied in a hospital based study both with descriptive and analytic components. Sample of 200 persons aged 20 years and above [92 males, 108 females] entering the diabetic center as outdoor patients during the months May 2006 - July 2006 from Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Complex Hospital [JPMCH] Karachi, Pakistan was taken. The diagnosis of diabetes was made according to W.H.O. criteria. The necessary clinical tests and demographics information's of the study population were taken. Logistic Regression technique was applied to check the main significant risk factors and for the prediction of model. In sample of 200, percentage of male was 46% while percentage of female was 54% and 102 [51%] were diabetic while 98 [49%] were non diabetic. In this study it was observed that obesity is the main associated risk factor of diabetes [O.R=6.436, P=0.000] while the factor, Exercise [O.R= 0316, P=0.000] showed the protection against this disease