RESUMEN
Objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anxiety levels among orthodontic patients using Norman Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, [DAS] and its correlation with gender, age and education of patient. It was a cross sectional study. The study was carried out at Orthodontics Department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry [AFID], Rawalpindi from October 2014 to January 2015. A self-reported assessment scale developed by N. Corah, Dental Anxiety Scale [DAS] was used in the study. It was used in the form of a questionnaire containing data on gender, age, education. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed among consented participants and finally valid 233 questionnaires were recruited in the study. Out of 233 patients, 69 [30%] were male and 164 [70%] were females. 46% participants had mild anxiety score, whereas only 4% participants experienced severe anxiety. With higher education level of patient lesser anxiety score was reported in this study [p= 0.015]. Results showed that patients with higher education were significantly less dentally anxious [p<0.01] about orthodontic treatments than patients with lesser education. Demographic characteristics such as gender and age of the patient had statistically no significant effect on DAS
RESUMEN
Host Modulation Therapy [HMT] is a treatment concept that reduces tissue destruction and stabilizes or even regenerates inflammatory tissue by modifying host response factors. It has been used for treating osteoporosis and arthritis for several decades. However, its use in dentistry has only been recently reported. The objective of this article is to present a review of the various literatures available on HMT and also its role as adjunct therapy in periodontics. For identifying studies for this review, a PUBMED search was carried out in 2013 for all articles published till December 2012. The search was restricted to English language publications only. Longitudinal prospective and retrospective studies were included in the search. The key words used were: Host Modulation Therapy; Sub antimicrobial dose doxycycline and Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy. The main outcomes sought were host modulation therapeutics in periodontics. Exclusion criteria included cross sectional studies, short case series as well as studies with short follow-up periods. There is a paucity of literature on HMT in periodontics although the only drug approved by United States Food and Drug Administration [FDA] is a subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline [SDD] with highly predictable results as a host modulating agent in periodontal diseases and also an effective adjunctive therapy in various diseases of periodontium. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to obtain clinical guidelines on the usage of other host modulating agents as adjunct as well as definite therapy for periodontal diseases. SDD is an effective adjunct therapy when used in dosage of 20mg twice daily for minimum 3 months duration in various periodontal diseases with predictable clinical outcomes. It is also recommended that future clinical research on anti cytokine drugs, chemically modified tetracycline and other HMT agents should be conducted so that new drugs are available with highly predictable results
RESUMEN
The aim of the present investigation is to identify tooth shade among a group of Pakistani patients. Total number of patients was 227. Participants age ranged from 16 to 65 years, which, was divided into four groups. The tooth included in the study was sound maxillary right or left central incisors. Vita Easyshade was used to select the tooth shade. Most common classical shade was B2 with highest incidence in between ages 26-35 years and shade A spreads widely among the groups. B2 was the most common classical tooth shade in Pakistani population. Health education regarding oral hygiene should be given at school level