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The current study was carried out to explore the phytochemical, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activities of the crude methanolic extract of A. santolinifolia Turcz. Ex Besser. The antioxidant activity was carried out by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay, while methanolic extract displayed the highest scavenging activity (DPPH) was 61.31µg/ml on Artemisia santolinifolia root and the lowest (51.05µg/ml) was record for their leaves. Similarly, in (ABTS) the highest activity (89.16µg/ml) was recorded for roots of A. santolinifolia followed by leaves (68.14µg/ml). In low inhibitory concentration assay, the crude methanolic extracts showed significant inhibition against all tested microbes on different concentrations like 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml. The leaves extract of A. santolinifolia AsL showed MIC of 12.5µg/ml for B. subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, 50µg/ml for gram positive bacteria S. aureus and 37.5 µg/ml for gram negative bacteria P. aeruginosa that is almost equal to the response of standard ciprofloxacin. Our current study revealed that Artemisia santolinifolia root (AsR) exhibited a significant antioxidant potential while AsL showed good antibacterial effect which is suggested to be used for treatment and management of different infectious diseases.
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Artemisia/química , Fitoquímicos , Antibacterianos , AntioxidantesRESUMEN
@#Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive, fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by a persistent measles virus in the brain. It is clinically characterized by insidious onset of intellectual deterioration and behavioral changes followed by myoclonic jerks and eventually complete neurologic deterioration. In about 10% of patients, the clinical manifestations of SSPE are not typical and that may cause a delay in the diagnosis. We report here 3 cases of SSPE with atypical presentations. Bilateral vision loss, hemiparesis, ataxia and acute encephalopathy with focal seizures were respectively the presenting symptoms at the onset of disease. The typical periodic EEG complexes in two patients and positive CSF measles IgG antibody led to the diagnosis of SSPE.
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The metalloelement Palladium has a number of potential Pharmaco-clinical advantages. Palladium compounds have antiviral, antibacterial, neuroprotective and antitumor properties. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of Palladium metalloelements. Biothiols are important antioxidants that provide protection against metals toxicity. The interaction of metalloelements with biothiols can provide valuable information about the level of toxicity of the metalloelements and about the protective role of biothiols thereof. In this piece of work the effect of salt and complexes of Palladium on the status of different thiols [GSH, NAC, and D-Pen] in aqueous medium, were examined, The thiol quantification was carried out using Elman's method through UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1 HNMR. Results of the study performed in aqueous medium showed that level of different thiols depleted after the addition of the inorganic salts and organic complexes of Palladium. The mechanism of interaction of Palladium with thiols was examined using H-NMR. The results indicate that the depletion in the level of thiols may be due to 1:1 or 1:2 conjugation of Palladium with thiols. These conjugation reactions further suggest that the Palladium have xenobiotic nature causing oxidative stress and thiols play their role in detoxification and biotransformation of these metalloelements
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Glutathione is an essential antioxidant of living organism that provides a primary protection against metals toxicity. A significant amount of glutathione is present in blood erythrocytes, plasma and liver hepatocytes to protect them from oxidative damage from both external and internal oxidants. Metalo-element palladium has numerous pharmacological, clinical and toxicological compensations, like palladium is used as anti-viral, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective and anti-tumor agent. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of palladium metallo-elements. In the presence study the interaction of palladium inorganic salt and organic complex with glutathione [GSH] content of liver homogenate was examined spectro-photometrically. 20% [w/v] liver homogenate was prepared of the collected liver of rabbit in 5% TCA [tri-chloro-acetic acid] solution and 1mm EDTA, using a potter-eveljhem homogenizer with motor driven Teflon pestle. The GSH content quantification was carried out by Elman's method. Our finding showed that there was a depletion of GSH content by both palladium inorganic salts and organic complexes, concentrations wise as well as with time elapse as level of GSH content decrease from [43.6% to 72.62%] with Palladium Nitrate and from [24.09 to 59.5%] with Bis-benzonitrile Palladium II Chloride as compared to control, and further dropped with time incubation from 0-90 minutes from [49.7 to 87.1%], with Palladium Nitrate and from [29.3% to 67.6%] respectively. The result showed that the effect of both inorganic salt of palladium was more enhanced as compare to its organic complex. It was suggested from our finding that the depletion in the glutathione content of liver homogenate may be due to oxidation of glutathione or due to glutathione metal abduct formation by both inorganic salt and organic complex of palladium. This study in situ is a model of in vivo
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Objectives: To improve maternal health and reduce child mortality through developing health service delivery in a poor and marginalised community in North West Pakistan
Methods: This was a multifaceted intervention to extend and strengthen the range and quality of services provided at an existing health centre, in a rural community in Peshawar District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The intervention was developed with community involvement and had four main components: service development, staff capacity development, community engagement and the introduction of a micro-credit scheme. The evaluation assessed the efficiency and effectiveness of project implementation, including a survey of maternal and child health indicators
Results: Between 2014 and 2017, a range of new health services were developed at the health centre. Local volunteers were trained to promote health awareness in the community and refer pregnant women to the health centre. The survey indicated health improvements, such as increased vaccination rates for women and children, and a dramatic reduction in unskilled deliveries
Conclusions: Community engagement was essential to achieve much needed maternal and child health improvements in this poor and marginalised community. Sustainability was achieved by training local volunteers as community health workers
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Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled at both hospital and community levels. Hypertension resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The benz-imidazole ring is very important pharmacophore in modern drug discovery. The substituted benzimidazoles are the important for medicinal research. Researchers have reported that substituted Benzimidazoles are the structural isosteres of nucleotides, and easily allow them to interact with the different biopolymers, possess pharmacological activity especially antihypertensive activity. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs] compete with angiotensin II at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin II in all vascular smooth muscles. Among all Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs], Telmisartan, Milfasartan and many others have benzimidazole ring in their structure. In this study Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs] have been prepared. Synthesized compounds were characterized by physical data and FTIR spectroscopic technique. Synthesized compounds studied were finally screened for their antihypertensive activity by tail cuff method of measurement of blood pressure by NIBP apparatus [None Invasive Blood Pressure] using Chart 5.0 software. The compounds synthesized were 2-[3-nitrophenyl]-1Hbenzimidazole [1a], 3-[1H benzimidazol-2-yl]aniline [1b] and 5-[1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol [1c]. The synthesized compounds have shown antihypertensive activity by taking Losartan as lead compound
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Objective: To investigate smartphone addiction among medical students and to determine factors associated with smartphone addiction among sixth-year medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 sixth-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during July 2017. Data analysis was done using SPSS20
Results: The number of completed questionnaires received was181 out of 203, making a response rate of 89%. There were 87 male respondents [48.1%] and 94 female respondents [51.9%]. The overall prevalence of smartphone addiction was 66 [36.5%]. There is a statistically significant relationship between daily hours of smartphone usage and smartphone addiction [p<0.02]. Out of 66 addicted students, 24 [55.8%] students reported using their smartphone more than five hours daily, 17[34.7%] students were using it 4 to 5 hours daily, 13 [27.7%] students were using it 2 to 3 hours daily and 12[28.6%] students were using it less than two hours daily. The study showed no statistically significant relationship between smartphone addiction and smoking statusor degree of obesity. There was a significant association between the total score on the smartphone addiction scale and daily usage hours [pvalue<0.005]
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of smartphone addiction was high among our study participants. The smartphone addiction was associated with daily hours of smartphone usage
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Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure to Thallium can disturb mitochondrial function, degenerate neurons, and interfere with the function of critical metabolic enzymes and co-enzymes. Glutathione [GSH] an essential biomarker is considered a key factor in harnessing the thallium toxicity. In the present study the interaction of Thallium [Thallium Chloride] and glutathione was investigated spectro- photometrically in aqueous media. The renowned Elman's experimental protocol was followed at a wavelength of 412nm for Glutathione quantification in each sample. The pH of each sample was maintained at 7.6 using Phosphate buffer during the entire course of the experiment. A concentration as well as time dependent depletion of glutathione after exposure to various concentration of Thallium metal was observed, revealing chemical interaction between the metal and glutathione. The exact mechanism of interaction of Thallium and glutathione is still to be investigated. However, this piece of research suggests that a decrease in the concentration of Glutathione may be due to Thallium-GSH abduct or oxidize glutathione [GSSG] formation. This study was performed in-vitro as a model of in vivo
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Ivy leaf is used for the treatment of respiratory diseases with the intensive mucus formation, respiratory infections, and irritating cough coming from the common cold. Conferring to clinical trials, the efficacy, and tolerability of ivy leaf is good. The main compounds accountable for biological activity are triterpene and saponins. Ivy leaves show convulsive/antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anthelmintic and anti-thrombin activity. Not only ivy but also marshmallow and mustard seeds are used for these indications. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cough [EMA; European Medicines Agency] granules used for upper respiratory disorders. This clinical trial was conducted on 150 patients, out of which 75 received the Cough [EMA] granules and 75 received the placebo. The age range of patients was 3 years to above 15 years. The sample paired t-test was applied to evaluate the significant level. Cough [EMA] granules were found effective in the treatment of cough, cold, and flu symptoms. The new treatment Cough [EMA] granules were safe and well tolerated in patient at given specific age group. The study recommends that Cough [EMA] granules can be used effectively in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection
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Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive levels of Multiple Choice Questions [MCQs] and Short Answer Questions [SAQs] and types of Item Writing Flaws [IWFs] in MCQs in Medical Pharmacology internal assessment exams
Methods: This descriptive, study was conducted over a period of six months, from December 2015 to May 2016 and evaluated six internal assessment examinations comprising SAQs and MCQs. A total of 150 MCQs and 43 SAQs were analyzed. These questions were administered to third-year medical students in the year of 2015. All SAQs were reviewed for their cognitive levels and MCQs were reviewed for cognitive levels as well as for IWFs. Items were classified as flawed if they contained one or more than one flaw. The cognitive level of the questions was determined by the modified Bloom's taxonomy
Results: The proportion of flawed items out of 150 items in six exams ranged from 16% to 52%. While the percentage of total flawed items was 28%. Most common types of flaws were implausible distractors 19.69% [26], extra detail in correct option 18.18% [24], vague terms 9.85% [13], unfocused stem 9.09% [12] and absolute terms 9.09% [12]. The two-third of MCQs 97[64.67%] were assessing the recall of information, while 29 [19.33%] and 24 [16%] were assessing the interpretation of data and problem-solving skills respectively. The majority of the SAQs [90.7%] were assessing recall of the information and only 9.3% were assessing interpretation of data while none of the questions was assessing the problem-solving skills
Conclusions: The cognitive level of assessment tools [SAQs and MCQs] is low, and IWFS are common in the MCQs. Therefore, faculty should be urged and groomed to design problem-solving questions which are devoid of any flaws
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Humanos , Preguntas de Examen , Farmacología , Escala de Memoria de Wechsler , Solución de Problemas , Escritura MédicaRESUMEN
Objective: To assess mid-luteal estradiol [E2] levels in poor and good responders and determine its effect on the outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]
Methods: The current study was carried out in females who underwent ICSI from June 2011 to September 2013 in "Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples". They were categorized into good and poor responders on the basis of female age 5, respectively. Their mid-luteal E2 measured on the day of embryo transfer was stratified into groups [A-E] on the basis of 20th, 40[th], 60[th] and 80[th] percentile values. The outcome was categorized into non-pregnant with beta human chorionic Gonadotrophin [hCG] 5-25 m IU/ml, and clinical pregnancy with beta hCG>25 m IU/ml
Results: The conception rate was 12% [63/513] in poor responders and 72% [237/329] in good responders respectively. The mid-luteal E2 levels were higher in conception as compared to non-conception cycles [p<0.001] in good and poor responders
Conclusion: Maximum pregnancies in poor and good responders [53% and 98% respectively] with mid-luteal E2 levels above 80th percentiles confirm the role of the increase in mid-luteal E2 for augmentation in conception rate of females after ICSI
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Liver diseases are the most common ailment all over the world mostly caused by viruses, toxic chemicals, excessive intake of alcohol, high doses of paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride, chemotherapeutic agents and peroxides oil, etc. There is a great need to assess the scientific basis for the medicinal plants that are claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. We investigate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous-ethanolic extract of Capparis decidua [Stems] against paracetamol induced liver injury in experimental animals. To observe the level of improvement, biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP and Total bilirubin levels as well as histopathological changes in liver tissues were studied. Silymarin [50mg/kg, p.o.] was used as reference drug. The levels of the biochemical parameters were increased in rabbits which were intoxicate by paracetamol. Capparis decidua extract [750mg/kg, b.w.] treated rabbits showed maximum reduction of biochemical parameters in a significant [p<0.001] manner. Histopathological examination of the liver tissues of control and treated groups also confirmed the hepatoprotective activity. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. The results of the present study therefore suggest that the different doses of Capparis decidua possess significant hepatoprotective effect and this effect might be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins
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Objective: We aimed at finding out reliable parameter in the differentiation of iron deficiency anemia [IDA] and beta-thalassemia trait [beta -TT] in the adult population subjected to Saudi Arabian Premarital Screening Program
Methods: A total of 620 adults [age range 21-36 years] reported during February 2012 to November 2012. Tests for serum iron and ferritin were carried out in individuals showing low hemoglobin [Hb]. All the selected subjects' samples were subjected to blood morphology, comparison of MCV, RBC count. Red Cell Distribution Width [RDW] was noted from the Coulter Report whereas Red Cell Distribution Width Index [RDWI] value was calculated for all the samples
Results: A total of one hundred and thirty-five individuals with hypochromic microcytic anemia having normal hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 < 3.2% were inducted in the study. Ninety-three were diagnosed having IDA, whereas thirty-two were having beta TT. Ten individuals revealed other causes of anemia. The RBC count was higher, and MCV was much lower in beta TT as compared to IDA. Both groups were subjected to RDW and RDWI, however, RDWI which showed better sensitivity and specificity for beta TT
Conclusion: RDWI is a reliable and useful index for differentiation among IDA and beta TT, as compared to RDW
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Thiol groups are extensively present across biological systems being found in range of small molecules [e.g. Glutathione, Homo-cysteine] and proteins [e.g. albumin, haemo-globin]. Albumin is considered to be a major thiol containing protein present in circulating Plasma. Albumin contains a single thiolate group located at cysteine-34[cys-34] at its active site. Albumin also binds a wide variety of metals and metals complexes at various sites around the protein. Usually heavy metals are preferentially attached with the thiol group of albumin. The binding of heavy metals at cys-34 provides a mechanism by which the residence time of potentially toxic species in the body can be increased. In this research we have assessed the oxidative modification of and metal binding capacity of cys-34 with heavy metals Palladium and Vanadium to investigate the ease with which it is possible to effect disulfide-thiol exchange at this sites/or remove a metal bound at this position. Both the metals were treated with albumin and then the albumin metals [Pd and V] complexes were treated with small thoil molecules like Glutathione, Cysteine and D-Penicillamine. Our finding showed that the albumin thiol group retained the metals with itself by forming some strong bonding with the Thiols group, it is concluded from this finding that if by chance both the metals enter the living system; strongly disturb the chemistry and physiological function of this bio-molecule
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Introduction: The present study explored the utility, attitude, and trends regarding Smart phone related Medical Applications [Apps] among medical students of King Abdulaziz University [KAU] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [SA] and their perceptions of the impact of Medical Apps in their training activities
Subjects and methods: This survey was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, and Rabigh campuses, KAU, Jeddah, SA. All participants were medical students of 2nd to 6th year. The data was collected by using an anonymous questionnaire regarding the perception of medical students about Medical Apps on the smart devices and the purpose of installation of the Apps. Additionally examined was the use of different Medical Apps by the students to investigate the impact of Medical Apps on the clinical training/practice. Data was analyzed on SPSS 21
Results: The opinion of 330/460 medical students from all academic years was included in the study with a response rate of 72%. There were 170 [51.5%] males and 160 [48.5%] females with a mean age of 21.26 +/- 1.86 years. Almost all participating students 320 [97%] were well aware of Medical Apps for smart devices and89.1% had installed different applications on their smart devices. The main usage was for either revision of courses [62.4%] or for looking up of medical information [67.3%], followed by preparing for a presentation [34.5%] and getting the medical news [32.1%]. Regarding the impact of Medical Apps, most of the students considered these helpful in clinical decision-making, assisting in differential diagnosis, allowing faster access to Evidence-Based Medical practice, saving time and others. The practical use of these Apps was found to be minimal in medical students. Around 73% were occasional users of Medical Apps, and only 27% were using Medical Apps at least once a day
Conclusion: The regular use of Medical Apps on mobile devices is not common among medical students of KAU
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Objective: To investigate physicians' perceptions and practices towards Evidence-Based Medicine [EBM] and physicians perceived barriers in one institute of Saudi Arabia
Methods: One hundred seventeen practicing physicians at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah were included in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for collecting data. The questionnaire had four parts and included questions addressing perceptions and practices about EBM as well as associated variables and barriers to practicing it
Results: The majority of the respondents had a positive attitude toward EBM. Only 23.9% of participants reported that they are incorporating EBM into their practice. Knowledge about EBM databases was not good. The most common "regularly" read journal was the New England Journal of Medicine [31.6%], followed by the British Medical Journal [12.0%]. Some of the respondents had an understanding and were able to explain to others the technical terms use in EBM such as odds ratio [19.7%], relative risk [22.2%], absolute risk [23.9%] and others. The major perceived barriers to practicing EBM was the lack of free personal time [27.4%], availability and access to information [27.4%], difficulties in involving in whole practice [12.0%] and lack of investment by health authorities [12.8%]
Conclusion: The attitude of the practicing doctors towards EBM was good, but knowledge and practice were not up to the mark
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Objective: To assess the effectiveness of concept mapping [CM] on the academic performance of medical students' in problem-solving as well as in declarative knowledge questions and their perception regarding CM
Methods: The present analytical and questionnaire-based study was carried out at Bahria University Medical and Dental College [BUMDC] Karachi, Pakistan. In this analytical study, students were assessed with problem-solving questions [A-type MCQs], and declarative knowledge questions [short essay questions], and 50% of the questions were from the topics learned by CM. Students also filled a 10-item, 3-point Likert scale questionnaire about their perception regarding the effectiveness of the CM approach, and two open-ended questions were also asked
Results: There was a significant difference in the marks obtained in those problem-solving questions, which were learned by CM as compared to those topics which were taught by the traditional lectures [p<0.001], while no significant difference was observed in marks in declarative knowledge questions [p=0.704]
Analysis of students' perception regarding CM showed that majority of the students perceive that CM is a helpful technique and it is enjoyed by the students. In open-ended questions, the majority of the students commented positively about the effectiveness of CM
Conclusion: Our results indicate that CM improves academic performance in problem solving but not in declarative knowledge questions. Students' perception about the effectiveness of CM was overwhelmingly positive
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Objective: To determine and compare the cephalometric values among Pakistani males and females using commonly used sagittal skeletal measurements [ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle] and newly developed cephalometric analyses [Yen-angle and W-angle]
Study Design: Observational, cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontic Department of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from August to October 2013
Methodology: A total of 209 pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients were selected from departmental records, comprised of 92 males and 117 females. Radiographs were traced for measurements of ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle, W-angle and Yen-angle. Patients were categorized into skeletal classes I, II, and III on the basis of performed measurements, incisor classification, and profile recorded from their records. Descriptive analysis was used to obtain median interquartile range in both the genders and Mann-Whitney U-test was used to observe gender dimorphism
Results: Skeletal class II was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. There were no difference in the obtained measurements between males and females except the Wits appraisal and Beta-angle in class II patients, which showed significant difference in values [p < 0.05]
Conclusion: Pakistani population has no significant different difference in the craniofacial morphology of males and females, with the exception of Wits-appraisal and Beta-angle in class II cases
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Background: The measurement of follicular output rate [FORT] has been proposed as a good indicator for evaluating follicular response to the exogenous recombinant folliclestimulating hormone [rFSH]. This places FORT as a promising qualitative marker for ovarian function. The objective of the study was to determine FORT as a predictor of oocyte competence, embryo quality and clinical pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on a group of infer- tile females [n=282] at Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples, Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2010 till August 2013. Downregulated females were stimulated in injection gonadotropins and on ovulation induction day, pre-ovulatory follicle count [PFC] was determined using transvaginal ultrasound scan [TVUS], and FORT was determined as a ratio of PFC to antral follicle count [AFC]×100. Group I consisted of females with a negative pregnancy test, while group II had a positive pregnancy test that was confirmed with the appearance of fetal cardiac activity. Linear regression analyses of categorical variables of clinical pregnancy along with other independent variables, including FORT, were performed using SPSS version 15.0
Results: Pregnancy occurred in 101/282 women who were tested, recording a clinical pregnancy rate of about 35.8%. FORT values were higher in group II as compared to group I females [P=0.0001]. In multiple regression analysis, 97.7, 87.1, 78.2, and 83.4% variations were explained based on the number of retrieved oocytes per patients, number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved, number of fertilized oocytes, and number of cleaved embryos, respectively, indicating FORT as an independent predictor
Conclusion: FORT is a predictor of oocyte competence in terms of a number of retrieved, mature and fertilized oocytes. It also gives information about the number of cleaved embryos and clinical pregnancy rate
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Objectives: Pakistan's Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (IDDCP) was launched in 1994 however, approximately half of Pakistan's population of 200 million are affected with IDD. The National Nutrition Survey in Pakistan revealed marked provincial variation; within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), 25.7% of children 6-12 years of age have some form of IDD. The objective of this research was to engage the community in the design and implementation of an intervention to increase awareness, knowledge and promote use of iodised salt in KP. Methods: The study was undertaken in a community of 5,000 households, living in chronic rural poverty. A baseline survey of 1,043 households and 28 shopkeepers was conducted and focus groups were held with a range of stakeholders to explore the barriers to iodised salt use. Thematically analysed transcripts informed the design of a 4-month intervention, including leaflet and poster distribution, house to house visits, education sessions in schools, and awareness-raising through religious and social gatherings and a health centre. Results: At baseline, 2.6% of households reported use of iodised salt and 3.5% knew of its health benefits. 67.9% of shopkeepers stocked iodised salt, which cost Rs. 5-7 more than simple salt. Reasons for not using iodised salt included expense (35.7%), belief about a negative impact on reproduction (42.9%) and lack of awareness (7.1%). Following the intervention, iodised salt sales from the local shops increased by 45%. Conclusions: Engaging the community in the design and implementation of an intervention helped to overcome the barriers to the use of iodised salt.