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Objective: To investigate smartphone addiction among medical students and to determine factors associated with smartphone addiction among sixth-year medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 sixth-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during July 2017. Data analysis was done using SPSS20
Results: The number of completed questionnaires received was181 out of 203, making a response rate of 89%. There were 87 male respondents [48.1%] and 94 female respondents [51.9%]. The overall prevalence of smartphone addiction was 66 [36.5%]. There is a statistically significant relationship between daily hours of smartphone usage and smartphone addiction [p<0.02]. Out of 66 addicted students, 24 [55.8%] students reported using their smartphone more than five hours daily, 17[34.7%] students were using it 4 to 5 hours daily, 13 [27.7%] students were using it 2 to 3 hours daily and 12[28.6%] students were using it less than two hours daily. The study showed no statistically significant relationship between smartphone addiction and smoking statusor degree of obesity. There was a significant association between the total score on the smartphone addiction scale and daily usage hours [pvalue<0.005]
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of smartphone addiction was high among our study participants. The smartphone addiction was associated with daily hours of smartphone usage
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Objective: To assess mid-luteal estradiol [E2] levels in poor and good responders and determine its effect on the outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]
Methods: The current study was carried out in females who underwent ICSI from June 2011 to September 2013 in "Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples". They were categorized into good and poor responders on the basis of female age 5, respectively. Their mid-luteal E2 measured on the day of embryo transfer was stratified into groups [A-E] on the basis of 20th, 40[th], 60[th] and 80[th] percentile values. The outcome was categorized into non-pregnant with beta human chorionic Gonadotrophin [hCG] 5-25 m IU/ml, and clinical pregnancy with beta hCG>25 m IU/ml
Results: The conception rate was 12% [63/513] in poor responders and 72% [237/329] in good responders respectively. The mid-luteal E2 levels were higher in conception as compared to non-conception cycles [p<0.001] in good and poor responders
Conclusion: Maximum pregnancies in poor and good responders [53% and 98% respectively] with mid-luteal E2 levels above 80th percentiles confirm the role of the increase in mid-luteal E2 for augmentation in conception rate of females after ICSI
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Objective: We aimed at finding out reliable parameter in the differentiation of iron deficiency anemia [IDA] and beta-thalassemia trait [beta -TT] in the adult population subjected to Saudi Arabian Premarital Screening Program
Methods: A total of 620 adults [age range 21-36 years] reported during February 2012 to November 2012. Tests for serum iron and ferritin were carried out in individuals showing low hemoglobin [Hb]. All the selected subjects' samples were subjected to blood morphology, comparison of MCV, RBC count. Red Cell Distribution Width [RDW] was noted from the Coulter Report whereas Red Cell Distribution Width Index [RDWI] value was calculated for all the samples
Results: A total of one hundred and thirty-five individuals with hypochromic microcytic anemia having normal hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 < 3.2% were inducted in the study. Ninety-three were diagnosed having IDA, whereas thirty-two were having beta TT. Ten individuals revealed other causes of anemia. The RBC count was higher, and MCV was much lower in beta TT as compared to IDA. Both groups were subjected to RDW and RDWI, however, RDWI which showed better sensitivity and specificity for beta TT
Conclusion: RDWI is a reliable and useful index for differentiation among IDA and beta TT, as compared to RDW
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Introduction: The present study explored the utility, attitude, and trends regarding Smart phone related Medical Applications [Apps] among medical students of King Abdulaziz University [KAU] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [SA] and their perceptions of the impact of Medical Apps in their training activities
Subjects and methods: This survey was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, and Rabigh campuses, KAU, Jeddah, SA. All participants were medical students of 2nd to 6th year. The data was collected by using an anonymous questionnaire regarding the perception of medical students about Medical Apps on the smart devices and the purpose of installation of the Apps. Additionally examined was the use of different Medical Apps by the students to investigate the impact of Medical Apps on the clinical training/practice. Data was analyzed on SPSS 21
Results: The opinion of 330/460 medical students from all academic years was included in the study with a response rate of 72%. There were 170 [51.5%] males and 160 [48.5%] females with a mean age of 21.26 +/- 1.86 years. Almost all participating students 320 [97%] were well aware of Medical Apps for smart devices and89.1% had installed different applications on their smart devices. The main usage was for either revision of courses [62.4%] or for looking up of medical information [67.3%], followed by preparing for a presentation [34.5%] and getting the medical news [32.1%]. Regarding the impact of Medical Apps, most of the students considered these helpful in clinical decision-making, assisting in differential diagnosis, allowing faster access to Evidence-Based Medical practice, saving time and others. The practical use of these Apps was found to be minimal in medical students. Around 73% were occasional users of Medical Apps, and only 27% were using Medical Apps at least once a day
Conclusion: The regular use of Medical Apps on mobile devices is not common among medical students of KAU
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Objective: To investigate physicians' perceptions and practices towards Evidence-Based Medicine [EBM] and physicians perceived barriers in one institute of Saudi Arabia
Methods: One hundred seventeen practicing physicians at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah were included in the study. A validated questionnaire was used for collecting data. The questionnaire had four parts and included questions addressing perceptions and practices about EBM as well as associated variables and barriers to practicing it
Results: The majority of the respondents had a positive attitude toward EBM. Only 23.9% of participants reported that they are incorporating EBM into their practice. Knowledge about EBM databases was not good. The most common "regularly" read journal was the New England Journal of Medicine [31.6%], followed by the British Medical Journal [12.0%]. Some of the respondents had an understanding and were able to explain to others the technical terms use in EBM such as odds ratio [19.7%], relative risk [22.2%], absolute risk [23.9%] and others. The major perceived barriers to practicing EBM was the lack of free personal time [27.4%], availability and access to information [27.4%], difficulties in involving in whole practice [12.0%] and lack of investment by health authorities [12.8%]
Conclusion: The attitude of the practicing doctors towards EBM was good, but knowledge and practice were not up to the mark
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Objective: To assess the effectiveness of concept mapping [CM] on the academic performance of medical students' in problem-solving as well as in declarative knowledge questions and their perception regarding CM
Methods: The present analytical and questionnaire-based study was carried out at Bahria University Medical and Dental College [BUMDC] Karachi, Pakistan. In this analytical study, students were assessed with problem-solving questions [A-type MCQs], and declarative knowledge questions [short essay questions], and 50% of the questions were from the topics learned by CM. Students also filled a 10-item, 3-point Likert scale questionnaire about their perception regarding the effectiveness of the CM approach, and two open-ended questions were also asked
Results: There was a significant difference in the marks obtained in those problem-solving questions, which were learned by CM as compared to those topics which were taught by the traditional lectures [p<0.001], while no significant difference was observed in marks in declarative knowledge questions [p=0.704]
Analysis of students' perception regarding CM showed that majority of the students perceive that CM is a helpful technique and it is enjoyed by the students. In open-ended questions, the majority of the students commented positively about the effectiveness of CM
Conclusion: Our results indicate that CM improves academic performance in problem solving but not in declarative knowledge questions. Students' perception about the effectiveness of CM was overwhelmingly positive
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Background: The measurement of follicular output rate [FORT] has been proposed as a good indicator for evaluating follicular response to the exogenous recombinant folliclestimulating hormone [rFSH]. This places FORT as a promising qualitative marker for ovarian function. The objective of the study was to determine FORT as a predictor of oocyte competence, embryo quality and clinical pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI]
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on a group of infer- tile females [n=282] at Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples, Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2010 till August 2013. Downregulated females were stimulated in injection gonadotropins and on ovulation induction day, pre-ovulatory follicle count [PFC] was determined using transvaginal ultrasound scan [TVUS], and FORT was determined as a ratio of PFC to antral follicle count [AFC]×100. Group I consisted of females with a negative pregnancy test, while group II had a positive pregnancy test that was confirmed with the appearance of fetal cardiac activity. Linear regression analyses of categorical variables of clinical pregnancy along with other independent variables, including FORT, were performed using SPSS version 15.0
Results: Pregnancy occurred in 101/282 women who were tested, recording a clinical pregnancy rate of about 35.8%. FORT values were higher in group II as compared to group I females [P=0.0001]. In multiple regression analysis, 97.7, 87.1, 78.2, and 83.4% variations were explained based on the number of retrieved oocytes per patients, number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved, number of fertilized oocytes, and number of cleaved embryos, respectively, indicating FORT as an independent predictor
Conclusion: FORT is a predictor of oocyte competence in terms of a number of retrieved, mature and fertilized oocytes. It also gives information about the number of cleaved embryos and clinical pregnancy rate
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The aim of present study was to investigate serum homocysteine levels in apparently healthy vegetarians and ominvores in Mithi, district Tharparker, Sindh, Pakistan. This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Institute [BMSI], Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center [JPMC], Karachi and blood samples were collected from Mithi, district Tharparker, Sindh, Pakistan, in 2012. One hundred vegetarian and one hundred omnivores [age ranging from 20-40 years] were enrolled for this study. Serum homocysteine levels were measured by the chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay method. Serum homocysteine [Hcy] level was considerably higher [p<0.001] in vegetarian group compared to omnivores. We further grouped and analyzed our study subjects according to their gender and according to Hcy level [greater than or lower than 15micromol/L]. A considerable number of vegetarian subjects 30% were having Hcy >15micromol/L compared to omnivores 6%, [p<0.001]. Gender-wise comparison showed that 27.02% male and 38.46% females had >15micromol/L serum Hcy level in vegetarian group and 6.9% male and 3.5% females had >15micromol/L serum Hcy level in omnivores group, but the difference was not significant in any group. Vegetarians are more prone to develop hyperhomocysteinemia, so they are at high risk to develop cardiovascular disease
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To investigate the prevalence of obesity and hypertension among University students' and their knowledge and attitude towards risk factors of cardiovascular disease [CVD] in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 610 male students were selected for present cross sectional study and their blood pressure [BP] and body mass index [BMI] was determined, other data was gathered through a questionnaire, and SPSS-16 was used for analyzing data. Out of 610 students, 7.5% were hypertensive [systolic 2.6% and diastolic 6.3%] while the BMI of 51.6% was in the normal range, 29.8% were overweight and 10.7% were moderately obese and 7.9% were severely obese. Majority of the participants considered that smoking, increased fatty food intake, obesity, high BP, and increased LDL-cholesterol level, are the main causes of the CVD. Most of the participants agreed that one should know his BP, blood sugar, serum cholesterol and one should maintain normal body weight and should do regular exercise. They were also aware that healthy lifestyle could prevent CVD. However, majority of the participants were not practicing healthy lifestyle. A huge gap exists in the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding risk factors of CVD among the university students
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Objective: To investigate the effect of Beri-honey-impregnated dressing on diabetic foot ulcer and compare it with normal saline dressing
Study Design: A randomized, controlled trial
Place and Duration of Study: Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal, Pakistan and Bhatti International Trust [BIT] Hospital, Affiliated with Central Park Medical College, Lahore, from February 2006 to February 2010
Methodology: Patients with Wagner's grade 1 and 2 ulcers were enrolled. Those patients were divided in two groups; group A [n=179] treated with honey dressing and group B [n=169] treated with normal saline dressing. Outcome measures were calculated in terms of proportion of wounds completely healed [primary outcome], wound healing time, and deterioration of wounds. Patients were followed-up for a maximum of 120 days
Results: One hundred and thirty six wounds [75.97%] out of 179 were completely healed with honey dressing and 97 [57.39%] out of 169 wtih saline dressing [p=0.001]. The median wound healing time was 18.00 [6 - 120] days [Median with IQR] in group A and 29.00 [7 - 120] days [Median with IQR] in group B [p < 0.001]
Conclusion: The present results showed that honey is an effective dressing agent instead of conventional dressings, in treating patients of diabetic foot ulcer
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To identify the frequency and reasons of operations cancellation in 25 Makkah region hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Retrospective evaluation of the rate of surgery .cancellation in 25 hospitals of Makkah region was performed in this study. The data of scheduled surgeries from 15 different surgical specialties was collected from January to December 2013. Frequency and reasons of cancellation of elective surgical cases in different specialty were studied with a view to recommend suggestions for improvement. Data was analyzed on SPSS -16. There are 120 operating rooms [OR] in 25 Makkah region hospitals and during the year 2013, a total of 16,211 surgery cases were listed, and 1,238 [7.6%] cases were canceled. Contribution to total cancellation was highest in orthopedic 33.8% followed by general surgery 27.5%, obstetrics 7.7% and ENT 5.2%. According to category, 42.81% rate of cancellation was patient related, 20.03% facility related, 9.45% due to improper work-up, 1.45% associated with anesthesia, 7.19% related to surgeons, and 18.90% other/ and not recorded reasons. Present study found 7.6% cancelation rate in Makkah region hospitals and three most common causes for cancellations were patients related, facility related and improper work-up
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To identify the role of Interleukin-I Beta[IL- I beta] in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The quasi-experimental study was conducted at an infertility clinic in Islamabad from June 2010 to August 2011, and comprised couples opting for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Down regulation of ovaries was followed by calculated stimulation, ovulation induction, oocytes retrieval, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro maturation of embryos and embryo transfer. Serum Interleukin-I Beta was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay onovulation induction day. Patients were grouped as non-pregnant with beta human chorionic gonadotropin 5-25 mIU/ml, pre-clinical abortion; beta human chorionic gonadotropin >25 mIU/ml with no cardiac activity and clinical pregnancy with foetal heart confirmation by trans-vaginal scan after 4 weeks of transfer. SPSS 15 was used for statistical analysis. Of the total 323 patients initially registered, embryo transfer could be carried out in 282[87.30%]. Clinical pregnancy was achieved in 101[36%] patients, clinical abortions was the result in 61[22%] cases, while 120[42%] subjects did not conceive at all. Clinical pregnancy was achieved in subjects with high mean Interleukin-I Beta levels; 155.84 +/- 51.65 compared to 41.81 +/- 11.77and 118.46 +/- 35.62pg/mlin non-pregnant, preclinical abortion groups respectively [p=0.001]. The production of Interleukin-I Beta was associated with oocyte maturation, fertilisation, endometrial receptivity and implantation in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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Humanos , Femenino , Fertilización , Inyecciones de Esperma IntracitoplasmáticasRESUMEN
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI] is an advanced technique employed in assisted reproductive clinics for treatment of infertile couples. The reproductive endocrinologists try their level best to identify factors that enhance success rate after ICSI. To compare estradiol progesterone ratio on ovulation induction day amongst pregnancy outcome groups following ICSI. A cross sectional study was conducted on 323 couples of Assisted Reproductive Clinic in Islamabad from June 2010 till August 2011. Down regulation of females aged 18-40 years with gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist was followed by calculated stimulation with gonadotrophin injections [COS]. Oocytes pickup was done 36 hours after ovulation induction by 16G adapter and double lumen oocyte aspiration needle under general anesthesia. Oocytes were fertilized in vitro, graded and only blastocysts were transferred seven days after ovulation induction. Serum estradiol and progesterone were measured by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay on ovulation induction day, ratio was compared in three groups of females; no conception with betahCG 5-25 mIU/ml, preclinical abortion with betahCG >25 mIU/ml and no cardiac activity on transvaginal scan and clinical pregnancy with betahCG >25mIU/ml and cardiac activity on transvaginal scan. Females having high estradiol/ progesterone ratio were able to achieve clinical pregnancy shown by a positive betahCG and cardiac activity on transvaginal scan. These females also had significantly high number of oocytes, endometrial thickness and implantation rate. A high estradiol/progesterone ratio on the day of ovulation induction predicts the success of intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
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Humanos , Femenino , Estradiol , Progesterona , Resultado del Embarazo , Inyecciones de Esperma Intracitoplasmáticas , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
To evaluate Multiple Choice and Short Essay Question items in Basic Medical Sciences by determining item writing flaws [IWFs] of MCQs along with cognitive level of each item in both methods. This analytical study evaluated the quality of the assessment tools used for the first batch in a newly established medical college in Karachi, Pakistan. First and sixth module assessment tools in Biochemistry during 2009-2010 were analyzed. Cognitive level of MCQs and SEQs, were noted and MCQ item writing flaws were also evaluated. A total of 36 SEQs and 150 MCQs of four items were analyzed. The cognitive level of 83.33% of SEQs was at recall level while remaining 16.67% were assessing interpretation of data. Seventy six percents of the MCQs were at recall level while remaining 24% were at the interpretation. Regarding IWFs, 69 IWFs were found in 150 MCQs. The commonest among them were implausible distracters [30.43%], unfocused stem [27.54%] and unnecessary information in the stem [24.64%]. There is a need to review the quality including the content of assessment tools. A structured faculty development program is recommended for developing improved assessment tools that align with learning outcomes and measure competency of medical students
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To determine the knowledge, misconceptions and motivations towards blood donation among university students in KSA. This cross sectional study was carried out at the King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh campus, Jeddah, KSA. A total of 326 adult males were interviewed and each individual completed a questionnaire in Arabic language on various aspects of blood donation. Data was analyzed using SPSS-16. Out of 326 individuals, 264 [80.98%] were non donors and 62 [19.02%] were donors, 13% donated once, 5% donated twice and 1% donating regularly. Regarding the knowledge part of the questionnaire many of the respondents did not have the basic knowledge and the two common sources of information for blood donation were friends [53%], and TV [24%]. The major motivations for donors were to help family or friend [30%], saving others lives [28%], religious reasons [20%] and altruism [12%]. Among the respondents the most prevalent misconception was contracting infection like HIV or Hepatitis B and C [26%]. The knowledge of blood donation is not up to the mark and many misconceptions exist among young Saudi University students
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Development of peak bone mass and premenopausal bone loss is determined by the menstrual status of a women. Objective of this study was to determine the association of urinary calcium and phosphate with bone loss in post-menopausal women. This study is cross sectional. It was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Females [n = 90] were assessed with measurements of Body Mass Index, 24 hour urinary excretion of calcium creatinine ratio, Phosphate creatinine ratio. Bone mineral density of women was evaluated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometrey [DEXA] and its association was analyzed with urinary calcium creatinine ratio and urinary phosphate creatinine ratio. Twenty two [44%] postmenopausal women were found to be osteoporotic while 24 [48%] were osteopenic on the basis of BMD measurements. The mean urinary calcium creatinine ratio and phosphate creatinine ratio was increased in postmenopausal women compared to pre-menopausal women [p < 0.001]. A significant negative correlation was found between BMD [hip] and urinary calcium and phosphate [r = - 0.65, p < 0.05] [r = - 0.58, p < 0.01] respectively in post-menopausal osteoporotic women. Urinary calcium and phosphate creatinine ratio appears to be a valuable markers for assessing bone loss in postmenopausal women
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Humanos , Femenino , Osteoporosis , Calcio/orina , Fosfatos/orina , Densidad Ósea , Posmenopausia , Estudios Transversales , Índice de Masa Corporal , Creatinina/orina , Absorciometría de FotónRESUMEN
A number of hypolipidaemic drugs have been shown to lower the raised plasma fibrinogen concentrations indicating that lipid and haemostatic system may act synergistically in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The current study examines the possible role of lipid lowering drug bezafibrate to induce change in blood coagulation system and the architecture of fibrin network in addition to its known effects on lipid profile in diabetic patients. Methods based on turbidity for measurement of mass length ratio of fibrin fibers, permeability of the networks and their tensile strength have been used to assess the alterations induced by lipid lowering agent. The study group consisted of 38 patients [18 male and 20 female; age 40 - 65 years]. The patients were categorized into two groups. Group one included 20 diabetic patients, selected from Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, with normal lipid profile as control [9 male, age 51.88 +/- 1.93 years; 11 female, age 48.36 +/- 2.44 years]. Second group included 18 diabetic patients, selected from National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Karachi, with altered lipid profile i.e. hypertriglyceridaemia and/or hypercholesterolemia [9 male, age 47.33 + 3.08 years; 9 female, age 48.66 +/- 3.99 years]. Blood samples were collected after 12-14 hours fasting at the start of the study and after administration of Bezafibrate [200 mg TDS] for 4 weeks. The samples were analyzed for blood parameters like cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], triacylglycerol [TG],-and fibrin network characteristics. In addition to the changes in lipid profile, significant alterations were observed in the characteristics of fibrin networks by the drug. Amongst the changes induced are the properties of networks that make the networks more lysable by fibrinolytic agents. Clinical and pharmacological implications of these findings need further investigations
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Factores de Riesgo , Diabetes Mellitus , Hipolipemiantes , Fibrinógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Hipercolesterolemia , Hipertrigliceridemia , LDL-Colesterol , HDL-ColesterolRESUMEN
To find out relationship of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma with various semen parameters between fertile and infertile men. Prospective study. This study was carried out in the Infertility Clinic of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center [JPMC], Karachi and Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi. Fifty eight primary infertile male subjects, without any treatment, who had regular unprotected intercourse for at least 12 months without conception with their partners, aged 20-40 years, were selected from Infertility Clinic Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi. After semen analyses they were grouped as, oligospermic [30], and azoospermic [28]. Twenty five known fertile male selected from general population and after semen analysis were taken as normospermic control group. Semen analyzed according to WHO criteria. Serum and seminal plasma zinc were estimated by 5Br. PAPS Colorimetric method. This study showed significant difference in serum and seminal zinc levels in normospermic, oligospermic [p<0.05] and azoospermic [p<0.005] subjects. Seminal plasma zinc showed a positive correlation with sperm count and negative with sperm motility in normospermic and oligospermic and negative correlation with volume, pH, WBC concentration in all three groups. There was no correlation found with sperm morphology. On the basis of the findings of this study and those of other reports, zinc may contribute to fertility through its significant effects on various semen parameters. It seems that the estimation of seminal plasma zinc may help in investigation and treatment of infertile males
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Humanos , Masculino , Zinc/sangre , Semen , Azoospermia , Espermatozoides , Recuento de EspermatozoidesRESUMEN
To see the correlation of serum leptin with pituitary-thyroid axis in hyperthyroid male patients and in euthyroid lean and obese control subjects. Four groups of males were included in the study, they comprised of 22 newly diagnosed, untreated hyperthyroid patients, 24 age, gender, BMI matched euthyroid lean subjects, 27 euthyroid obese subjects. Clinically and biochemically confirmed hyperthyroid patients were selected from the thyroid OPD of Atomic Energy Medical Centre, JPMC, Karachi. Healthy, age, gender, matched euthyroid [lean and obese] controls were selected from general population after checking their thyroid profile and clinical examination. Patients and controls suffering from diabetes or other endocrinal diseases and /or taking treatment for hyperthyroidism or steroids were excluded from the study. Ten ml of blood was drawn after an over night fast from each patient and control. Serum leptin was measured by EL1SA and FT4, FT3 and TSH were measured by radioimmunoassay [RIA], fasting blood sugar [FBS], triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] were checked by kit methods. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] was calculated by the Friedwald's formula. The mean +/- SEM values of leptin in male hyperthyroid patients wasl.71 +/- 0.45 ng/ml, while in lean and obese control group it was 8.27 +/- 1.91 and 21.34 +/- 3.4 ng/ml respectively. In hyperthyroid patients, significantly low levels of serum leptin were found as compared to age, gender, BMI matched lean [p<0.005] and obese control group [p<0.005]. Obese control group had significantly higher values of leptin as compared to lean group [p<0.05]. No significant correlation of leptin was found with T4, T3, and TSH in hyperthyroid patients and lean and obese control subjects. Triglycerides [TG, p<0.005], total cholesterol [TC, p<0.005] and low dentistry lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C, p<0.05] were significantly lower in hyperthyroid patients as compared to control groups. Serum leptin level significantly correlated with the BMI [p<0.005], in hyperthyroid patients and euthyroid lean and obese control groups. There appears no relationship between serum leptin and pituitary thyroid axis in dysthyroid patients as well as in euthyroid subjects but it is strongly related with BMI in all subjects