RESUMEN
Objective: Objective of this study was to find out association between histopathology of oral carcinomas and addictive risk factors
Study Design: Observational / descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Dental OPD, Liaquat University Medical Hospital and department of Pathology LUMHS Jamshoro/ Hyderabad from 2015 to 2016
Materials and Methods: Total 60 patients were included in the study having oral carcinomas. Careful clinical assessment following by complete medical history along with clinical examination was carried out. All the addictive cases were selected. All the information of various parameters like age, gender of patient, relevant clinical history, tobacco habit, other addictive associated risk factor, and microscopic histopathological findings of tissue specimen were carried out. All the addictive risk factor's association was noted with types of oral carcinoma
Results: Out of these 60 patients, maximum number of patients i.e. 29 [48.33%] were from > 50 years of age group. Majority of patients 35[58.33%] were illiterate while only 6[10%] were graduate. Majority of patients 21[35%] had carcinoma in buccal mucosa. Majority of the cases 46.66% multiple addictive habits, while only tobacco chewing, betal nut/manpuri, gutka, naswar and tobacco smoking habits were found with percentage of 8.34%, 10%, 8.34%, 6.66% and 20% respectively. According to histopathological findings squamous cell carcinoma was the most common in 85% of the cases, following by verrucous carcinoma in 6.67%, Micro-invasive SCC was only in 1 patient and other non-squamous cell carcinomas were found in 6.67% of the cases.On the association between histological findings and addictive risk factors no significant difference was found between squamous cell carcinoma and addictive risk factors p value 0.112, while VC, MISCC and other non-squamous cell carcinoma were significantly associated with patients having multiple addictive habits p value 0.02
Conclusion: We concluded that multiple mix addictions of tobacco chewing and smoking, gutka, naswar andbetal nuts are significantly associated with oral carcinomaand potentially increases the chances of oral malignancy in certain pre malignant conditions
RESUMEN
Background: Myopia is one of the preventable cause of visual impairment
Objective: Objective of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for myopia among children [6-12 years] visiting Ophthalmology outpatient department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur
Patients and Methods: It was cross sectional study conducted in Ophthalmology outpatient, department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from 1[st] July, 2012 to 30[th] June 2013. After taking ethical approval from hospital ethical committee, all the children aged 6-12 years visiting Ophthalmology outpatient department, whose parents had endorsed informed written consent, were included in the study. After collecting personal detail of each participant, and noting risk factors from their parents by using questionnaire, the visual acuity of each child was checked by using Snellen's chart. The children having visual acuity less than 6/6 in at least one eye underwent refraction by using retinoscopy after 1% cyclopentolate eye drops had been instilled at least half an hour previously. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Spherical equivalents equal to or more than -0.50 D in either eye was taken as myopic. Chi square test was applied to see any statistical difference if existed and p-value
Results: Out of total 2936 children, 57.93% were myopic. 32.86% children were in the age group of 6-8 years, 54.67% in 9-11 years and 12.47% were >/= 12 years of age. 67.37% children were females. Family history of myopia was positive in 65.8% children. The reading hours of 17.3% children were 8 hours per day in 6.48%. The duration of TV watching was 4 hours in 2.02% children. 60.72% of the children were spending their time in playing video games or using computer for 4 hours
Conclusion: There is strong association of myopia with near work and parental myopia
RESUMEN
Background: Women empowerment has been identified significant effects on many aspects of human development
Objective: To assess the effect of education and duration of marriage on women empowerment at household level
Subjects and Methods: Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Study place: Model town, Bahawalpur. Study duration: From 1" January 2013 to 30th June 2013. Sample size: Expecting the female literacy rate 47% in a population with 5% precision and 95% level of confidence, calculated sample size was 378. Sampling technique: It was simple random sampling. Data collection and analysis: Data was collected by using pretested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Women empowerment was measured by asking ten questions. Response of each question was divided into three categories and each category was scored as, Not at ail = 1, to some extent = 2 and to great extent = 3. The composite score of each respondent was 30. The women's empowerment on the basis of composite score was divided into three levels, the score in between 1-10 = low, 11 -20 - medium and from 21-30 was taken as high empowerment.
Results: Among the illiterate group only 8% women had high level of empowerment, in primary/middle group 33.3%, in third group [matric/intermediate] 53.4%, while in graduate or above group 80.3% respondents were highly empowered. Education was significantly associated with the women's empowerment at household level [p < 0.0000]. In a group of marriage duration < 5 years 16.3% women had high level of empowerment as compared to 15.7% in 6-10 year, 45% in 11-15 years and 53% in > 16 years category. Significant association was found between duration of marriage and women empowerment [p <0.0000]
Conclusion: There is significant association between the education, marriage duration and women's empowerment at household level