RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a graphical representation in the form of a food pyramid for a ketogenic diet for dietary treatment in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. Methods: The pyramid was constructed based on: the estimation of energy requirements for different age groups, macronutrient distribution, food groups, and the number of servings and respective amounts of food according to the ketogenic diet. Serving sizes were based on the calculation of energy and macronutrient requirements according to age and nutritional status. Results: The pyramid was divided into three tiers and 5 food groups (fats, proteins, type 1 vegetables, type 2 vegetables, and fruits). Four portion size lists were defined for the following age groups: 1-3 years, 4-6 years, 7-10 years, and 11-19 years. Conclusion: The ketogenic diet food pyramid can be used as nutritional guidance for patients undergoing this dietary therapy by illustrating the variety of foods that can be eaten during the treatment, optimizing adherence to the treatment, and guaranteeing beneficial effects on seizure control.
RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver uma representação gráfica sob a forma de pirâmide alimentar para a dieta cetogênica destinada a crianças e adolescentes com indicação de tratamento dietético da epilepsia refratária. Métodos: A construção foi baseada na estimativa da necessidade energética por faixa etária, na distribuição de macronutrientes, nos grupos alimentares, no número de porções e nas respectivas quantidades de alimentos a serem ofertados de forma a atender as recomendações da dieta cetogênica. O porcionamento dos alimentos foi feito baseado no cálculo da necessidade energética e na distribuição de macronutriente segundo a faixa etária e estado nutricional. Resultados: A pirâmide foi dividida em três estratos e em cinco grupos alimentares (gorduras, proteínas, hortaliças tipo 1, hortaliças tipo 2 e frutas). Foram elaboradas quatro listas de porcionamento para as seguintes faixas etárias 1 a 3 anos, 4 a 6 anos, 7 a 10 anos e 11 a 19 anos. Conclusão: A utilização da pirâmide alimentar da dieta cetogênica facilitará a orientação inicial dos pacientes submetidos a essa terapia nutricional, ilustrando a diversidade de alimentos que podem ser ofertados durante o tratamento e otimizando, assim, a aderência ao mesmo e a manutenção dos efeitos benéficos de controle de crises.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Dieta Cetogénica , Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional , Epilepsia/dietoterapiaRESUMEN
The treatment of dyeing processing textile plants effluents uses activated sludge system and can generate tons of sludges that needs to be appropriately disposed. Genotoxic compounds can be present in those sludges, especially from the class of the organics, that are difficult to be chemically analyzed in complex mixtures. The objective of this work was the evaluation of the genotoxic activity of sludge samples using the Salmonella microsome test, a bioassay very suitable for the screening of those substances in environmental samples. We analyzed 6 different textile dyeing facilities, that dyes both synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon and others) and cotton. The organic extractable material using methanol as solvent, varied from 0,24 to 6,7 por cento. From the 15 samples analyzed, 12 showed positive responses mainly with TA98 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9). Considering the type of the mutagenic response obtained, compounds such as azo dyes and or aromatic amines and others could be responsible for this activity. A chemical characterization of the genotoxic compounds present in those samples is very important in order to allow an adequate classification and disposal of this type of waste