Use of Omega3 (PUFA) as a major Complementary and alternative Medicine (CAM) and Mind-body therapies to fight against the Breast Cancer in Ethiopian Women. A Case study

In our study the participants mean age was 44.5 ± 6.4, the breast cancer history of the participants are 21 (14%), the breast cancer in married women is high total 125(83.33), Ethiopian breast cancer patients most education is STD 12th is 75 (50%), most of the patients having the occupation is housework 70(46.66, smoker was 10(6.66), alcoholic were 7(4.66) the most interesting observation is the total 133(88.66) were having no addiction. Complementary medicines PUFA had been taken by the participants were total 110 (73.33), antioxidants taken by patients were 100(66.66), Vitamin Supplement taken by patients was total 109(72.66), DHA taken by patients were total 118 (78.66). These complementary medicines and mind-body therapies can be coupled with therapeutic strategies that collectively enhance breast cancer treatment efficacy and improve the prognosis for long term survival.

Epidemiology of Measles in Sudan

Few epidemiological studies have been undertaken of measles disease among Sudanese, although measles is the third leading cause of death since 1995among childhood diseases that can be prevented by immunization. The measles vaccine was introduced into the EPI programin 1985. In the run-up to the introduction of the vaccine, the country suffered from measles epidemics periodically and extensively, ranging from 50,000 to 75,000 cases and from 15,000 to 30,000 deaths per year. Simple actions can save a million livesof children throughimmunizationcoverage, eye care programs, maternal and child health education, maintaining and improving the general nutritional status of Sudanesechildren. Continuous surveillance and monitoring systems and evaluation are essential tasks at all levels to improve performance, identify and address problems throughout establishing and increasingthe surveillance system. This review highlights a brief overview of measles epidemiology in Sudan and determinants of a measles outbreak, clinical symptoms, complications, and surveillance sites and the ways for prevention and control of measles disease. The review established that it is crucial to enforce coordination between governmental and non-governmental agencies for an effective disease surveillancesystem in the area, especially in those affected by civil wars

Distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM and CTX-M resistance genes among Proteus species Isolated in Sudan

Proteus species are found in the human intestinal tract as part of normal flora. Proteus species are also found in multiple environmental habitats, including long-term care facilities and hospitals, and can cause both community and nosocomial infections. For a long time Proteus was known to be susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics but nowadays they become resistant. The aim of this study was to detect the Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) TEM and CTX-M genes in 90 Proteus species isolated from urine and wound swabs, obtained from different hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan, from January to August 2018. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out using the following set of antibiotics: amoxiclav, ceftazidime, gentamicin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and cotrimoxazole. ESBL producing strains were detected by double disc diffusion synergy test and the resistance genes TEM and CTX-M were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was found: amoxicillin 40 percent, ceftazidime 25.6 percent, ceftriaxone 23.3 percent, gentamicin 22.2 percent, cotrimoxazole 21.1 percent, and cefotaxime 18.9 percent. Most of the isolates were sensitive to meropenem 92.2 percent and ciprofloxacin 86.7 percent. In double-disk diffusion synergy test, 20 isolates (22.2 percent) were found to be positive for ESBL. The PCR demonstrated that TEM gene was present in 18 isolates (90 percent). It was present alone in 11 isolates (55 percent) and in combination with CTX-M gene in seven isolates (35 percent). The percentage of ESBL producing strains of Proteus was 23.5 percent. This percentage is a bit lower than in previous studies in Sudan. In conclusion; it seems that the CTX-M gene is emerging among Proteus species in SudanAU)

Las especies de Proteus se encuentran en el tracto intestinal humano y forman parte de su flora normal. También se localizan en el medio ambiente y otros hábitats, incluyendo hospitales y diversas instituciones de salud, provocando tanto infecciones en la comunidad como nosocomiales. Durante mucho tiempo, las especies de Proteus fueron susceptibles a los antibióticos betalactámicos, pero actualmente se han tornado resistentes. El propósito de este estudio fue detectar genes de resistencia betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) TEM y CTX-M, en 90 especies de Proteus aisladas en orina y heridas, provenientes de diversos hospitales del estado de Jartum, Sudán, entre enero y agosto de 2018. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó con el siguiente juego de antibióticos: amoxiclav, ceftazidima, gentamicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ciprofloxacina, amoxicilina, ceftriaxona y cotrimoxasol. Las cepas productoras de BLEE se detectaron mediante la técnica de sinergia de doble disco, y los genes de resistencia TEM y CTX-M mediante Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se encontró resistencia antibiótica: amoxicilina 40 por ciento, ceftazidima 25,6 por ciento, ceftriaxona 23,3 por ciento, gentamicina 22,2 por ciento, cotrimoxasol 21,1 por ciento y cefotaxima 18,9 por ciento. La mayor parte de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a meropenem (92,2 por ciento) y ciprofloxacina (86,7 por ciento). Con la técnica de sinergia de doble disco se detectó positividad a BLEE en 20 aislamientos (22,2 por ciento). Mediante PCR se demostró que el gen que codifica TEM estaba presente en 18 aislamientos (90 por ciento); de forma aislada en 11 aislamientos (55 por ciento) y combinado con el gen CTX-M en los otros siete (35 por ciento). El porcentaje de cepas de Proteus productoras de BLEE fue de 23,5 por ciento. Este valor es ligeramente inferior que los detectados en estudios previos en Sudán. En conclusión, hay evidencias de que el gen CTX-M está emergiendo entre las especies de Proteus en Sudán(AU)

Scrotal Circumference and Testicular Morphometric Characteristics of the Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) in the Semi-Arid Environment of Northern Nigeria / Circunferencia Escrotal y Características Testiculares Morfométricas del Camello (Camelus Dromedarius) en el Ambiente Semiárido del Norte de Nigeria

Reproductive tract of 12 camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used to evaluate testicular morphometry. The testicular morphometric characteristics measured were scrotal circumference (in situ), paired testis weight, epididymal weight and mean epididymal length, testis volume, and testis density. There were no significant difference (p >0.05) between the left and right organs, but there were numerical differences between all the parameters. A highly significant positive correlations (p <0.05, p <0.01, p <0.001) exist between the scrotal circumference, testicular and epididymal morphometry, except for testis density which is non- significant (p >0.05). It was concluded that testicular morphometry would provide reliable information in predicting sperm production of camels in the semi arid environment.

El tracto reproductivo de 12 camellos (Camelus dromedarius) fue utilizado para evaluar la morfometría testicular. Las características morfométricas testiculares medidas fueron la circunferencia escrotal (in situ), peso testicular pareado, peso epididimario y longitud media del epidídimo, volumen y densidad testicular. No hubo diferencias significativas (p> 0,05) entre los órganos del lado izquierdo y derecho, aunque se observaron diferencias numéricas entre todos los parámetros. Correlaciones positivas altamente significativas (p <0,05, p <0,01, y p <0,001) existen entre la circunferencia escrotal, morfometría testicular y del epidídimo, a excepción de la densidad testicular que no fue significativa (p> 0,05). Se concluyó que la morfometría testicular podría proporcionar información fiable para predecir la producción espermática de camellos en el ambiente semiárido.

The Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance-1 Gene of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Gezira State-Central Sudan

Abstract:Malaria parasite resistance to chloroquine poses a severe and increasing health problem in tropical countries. Implementing molecular markers for monitoring the drug resistance may be essential to overcome the problem. The aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of multi-drug resistance of p. falciparum parasite in malaria patients. Blood samples for DNA extraction were collected from the positive malaria patients. The prevalence of mutations in P. falciparum multi-drug resistant gene-1 (pfmdr-1) was detected by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Approximately; 74.1 of study populations are adults and 25.9 are children. Regression analysis shows a decrease in malaria incidence with increasing age. The prevalence of malaria is higher in males (58.6) compared to females (41.4). There were no statistical differences between malaria incidence and the socioeconomic level within the study population. The frequency of homozygous N/86 and Y/86 alleles were 51.7 and 37.9; respectively; and the heterozygous N/Y86 allele was 10.3.In conclusion the frequency of Pfmdr-1 N/Y86 allele among P. falciparum multi-drug resistant isolates support the hypothesis that Pfmdr-1 N/Y86 allele could be used as predictive marker to monitor multi-drug susceptibility in epidemiological surveys