[Investigation of prevalence of child abuse in addicts referring to the addiction withdrawal clinic]

Child abuse includes; abuse of the body, mental and sexual abuse or misbehavior against children that leads to damage to the child's health and comfort. Therefore, the present study was done in order to determine the prevalence of child abuse in opiate addicts referring to addiction withdrawal centers. The cross sectional study included 300 participations [150 addicts and 150 non-addicts] The addicted group comprised of opiate addicts referring to addiction withdrawal centers of Yazd. The non addicted group was selected randomly from healthy people. Data collection was performed via a standard questionnaire. Data assessment was done via statistical analysis [K S] Collected data in the addicted group showed the following results; about 56 percent were child tormentors, 1- 45.3% males, 10.7% females, 2-18.7% uneducated, 3-46% with divorce history in their family and 4-38% child body abuse. The most prevalent type of the body abuse was slapping [24%], mostly because of bad training [26%]. Collected data in the no addicted group showed the following results; 42% were child tormentors [26% male and 15.3% female] 23.4% with family divorce history, 30.4% were child body abuse and the most prevalent type of body abuse was slapping [22.79%], mostly because of bad training [33.3%] A direct relationship was observed between child abuse and persons addicted to opiates. Factors playing an important role include; illiteracy, divorce history in the family and history of child abuse in childhood period. Therefore, compilation of rules supporting children, establishment of support and parent education centers can be effective to reduce child persecution

[Assessment of academic motivation and its relationship with health-risk behaviors in male students of Yazd university]

University is a position of formal training and learning and students in order to successful in this position should have effective learning. Motivation is key to effective learning. Additional to academic motivation can have the role of prevention in high-risk health behaviors. We examined students motivation in Yazd and communication with academic motivation in high-risk health behavior study. This was a cross-sectional study and the sample size was 720. Analysis of the data, collection tool and standard questionnaire construction was achieved. In this study, 32.4 percent of students enjoyed modest motivation condition. 23.3 percent were smokers and 5.6 percent seemed to have used illicit drugs, 40.6 percent of the students exercised regularly. The findings of this research proved that there is a significant correlation between smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical involvement, high risk sexual behavior, watching movies, non-moral condition of the safety belt and academic motivation [P<0.05] There was a significant correlation between the amount of study hours and academic motivation [P<0.05]. In order to promote academic motivation in students, both students and teachers should become more acquainted with workshop models and also, students leisure time activities should be analyzed and they should be attracted towards scientific and community organizations

Evaluation of upper limb disability in pregnant women suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS] is a collection of sensory-motor signs and symptoms which are created due to mechanical pressure on median nerve at wrist. A considerable portion of these patients are pregnant women. The aim of this study was evaluate functional disabilities of upper limb due to CTS in pregnant women. A descriptive and analytical study was performed on 267 pregnant women, who had received health care service in Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics of Shariati and Sepahan hospitals in Isfahan Iran, 2005. From the total number of the pregnant women, 52 women who were affected by carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS] and 54 women who had not shown the symptoms of CTS were divided in two different groups. Minor and background data were obtained from conversation and physical examination. Scores of functional disability of upper limb were obtained from DASH questionnaire. Student's t test and Man-Whitney test were used to compare the difference between groups. 52 out of 267 pregnant women [19.47%] suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS] with average age of 25 +/- 4.3 years. 51.9% of the women were experiencing their first pregnancy [primigravida]. 82.7% of the pregnant women affected carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS] in third trimester of their pregnancy. The average weight gain in affected carpal tunnel syndrome women was significantly more than the asymptomatic women [P < 0.001]. The total score and mean score of other parts of DASH scoring system in affected carpal tunnel syndrome women were significantly higher than the asymptomatic women [P < 0.001]. Carpal tunnel syndrome [CTS] in pregnant women, especially during third trimester, can lead to functional disabilities in their upper limb. As a result, it can cause undesirable effects on personal efficiency. So, it is needed to teach and give more information to the pregnant women about these disabilities

[ relationship of the first/third trimester hematocrit level with the birth weight and preeclampsia]

Cells and the volume of blood separated by a centrifuge. Evaluation of hematocrit is one of the routine tests during pregnancy. Researches have shown that there is a significant relationship between both high and low levels of hematocrit and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. This study aimed at examining the relationship between first and third trimester hematocrit, and birth weight and preeclampsia. Hematocrit is defined as the relationship between the volume of pregnant women who referred to health centers in Esfahan during research period. Data were collected by questionnaire through interview with subjects and medical records. Data were analyzed with T-test and one-way ANOVA. A descriptive and analytic research was performed on 322 and preeclampsia was found [P < 0.001 and P < 0.04, respectively], but, there was not a statistically significant association between first and third trimester hematocrit and birth weight [P > 0.05]. A statistically significant relationship between first and third trimester hematocrit preeclampsia, so, further study is suggested. It seems that there is a U-shaped relationship between hematocrit level and preeclampsia, so, further study is suggested

[Correlation between toluene environmental monitoring and biological index of urinary hippuric acid of workers in the coke industry]

Toluene is an organic solvent that it is one of the byproducts in the coke industry. Exposure to toluene causes central nervous system dysfunction and others disorders. Many workers are exposed to toluene due to leakage from tracks. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the levels of exposure through environmental and biological monitoring of toluene Air toluene sampling of air inhaled by 36 coke oven workers was done by using activated charcoal tubes and personal sampling pumps. At the e[1id of the shift, urine samples of workers and control group were collected by urine samplers. Air toluene was determined by GC, urinary hippuric acid by FIPLC and urine creatinine level was determined by auto analyzer. The mean of air toluene and urinary hippuric acid levels in exposed and control samples were 14.34 ppm, 0.33 and 0.28 g/g creatinine. Air toluene and urinary hippuric acid showed a correlation of r = 0.8. Toluene TWA was lower than the TLV-TWA [p=0.000]. Urinary hippuric acid concentration was also lower than the BEI [p=0.008]. Difference between exposed and unexposed group was not significant. This study showed that hippuric acid because of its interaction with background factors can not be used as a sensitive biomarker for biomonitoring

Correlation between chronological, skeletal and dental age on panoramic radiography in patients referred to Yazd dental clinics on 2004-05

One of the important factors in orthodontic treatment planning is prediction of growth potential which is applied by stages of skeletal age and or another criteria such as the chronological age, sexual maturity, dental development stages, and height and weight. Another importance in determining the patient's age is in legal medicine to determine the guiltiness' age, more or less than 18 years. The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between skeletal, dental and chronological age. This diagnostic study was performed as a cross sectional method in dental faculty of Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi University from 2004 to 2005. 58 Patients of 15-25 years old who referred to private dental office were selected. The samples were chosen with continues method until it reached to the desired total numbers. Each patient completed 4 questionnaires consisting of chronological age, determined age from panoramic radiography, measured age from surgical teeth and determined age according to h and wrist radiography. Panoramic radiographs were read by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists and h and wrist radiographs were read by two radiologists. Statistical analysis was performed by Paired T, Correlation coefficient, Wilcoxon, Smirnov - Kolmogorov. The least fault obtained from determined age and real patient age was related to the right m and ibular surgical wisdom teeth [1.6 months difference]. H and wrist radiographs had the most fault in age determination and both of the two radiologists determined the ages less than real ages [P=0.000]. In the statistical analysis, it seemed that the age determination from wisdom teeth by panoramic radiographs is just a suitable method. When age determination is considered to special case, the maxillary right wisdom teeth showed more proximity to real age [39.4%] and m and ibular left third molars [24.5%] and m and ibular right third molars [23.9%] were in the next steps. Age prediction by wisdom teeth on panoramic views is a proper way to report for legal medicine. Since the h and wrist radiographs had the most faults in age prediction, its advantage is not proposed, in individuals more than 18 years old

Related factors with women's body Mass Index [BMI] in Isfahan

Today prevalence of overweigh and obesity is increasing in most parts of the world. Obesity plays an important role in creating health poverty in women and decreasing life span. The most common formula to assess physical health is body mass index [BMI]. The present research was conducted to determine related factors [personal and reproductive characteristics] with women's BMI. This was a descriptive-analytic study in which data were collected cross-sectional. The samples were 384 people in Isfahan. They were selected by cluster sampling and referred to 10 health centers in the city. In this research, the evaluation instruments were a questionnaire and the tools of measuring height and weight which were standard and unique. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive-analytic statistical methods. The results showed that there was significant statistical relation between age, education level, family economic situation, menarche age, the number of pregnancies and deliveries, OCP [LD] use of LO contraceptives and history of deliveries with less than two years interval and BMI [P<0.05]. Acquainting the women with the related factors with BMI [Age, menarche age, etc], creating a situation for women to continue their education in different levels, training the women to limit pregnancy and delivery numbers and preventing deliveries with less than a two-year interval through mass media can be helpful to prevent overweight and obesity in women

[Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Esfahan]

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [GERD] is a common disorder in the western population but detailed population-based data in Iran is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of GERD in Esfahan. A population-based study was conducted in 2004. Major GERD symptoms [heartburn and acid regurgitation] were assessed through an interview by six trained medical students based on a systematic clustering among adult inhabitants [n=2400] in Esfahan and included any family member between 20-70 years old. Existenxe of any major GERD symptoms in the past 12 months was used to diagnosis GERD. Prevalence of daily, weekly and monthly GERD symptoms were 12.1%,12.9% and 21.5% respectively. GERD symptoms occurred in 19.3% of men and 27.3% of women [p-value: 0.002]. Body Mass Index [BMI] was 24.71+/-3.04 in GERD group compared to normal population which was 24.1+/-3.11 [p = 0.001]. GERD symptoms are frequent among Esfahan population. The prevalence of GERD was affected by the gender category and BMI

[Postpartum physico-sexual problems and related factors]

Awareness of postpartum physico-sexual problems and its related factors could help better postpartum care. The aim of this study was to determine postpartum physico-sexual problems and its related factors. This cross-sectional study was performed on 384 women referred to 12 health centers in Isfahan for the first time after delivery. For each person a questionnaire was filled by interview. Data was analyzed by t-test and chi square test. The results showed that most of the women [77.6%] suffered from physico-sexual problems: 2% complained of vaginal dryness during coitus, 3.7% of perineal pain [in the place of episiotomy or laceration], 14.5% of decline or lack of sexual desire, 24.9% of tiredness and 54.9% of a combination of these problems. There was significant statistical relation between number of delivery, number of Regarding the high prevalence of women suffering from physico-sexual problems during postpartum period, health authorities should plan to deal with such problems. Therefore, health personnel can get familiar with these problems and know how to manage and deal with the primipara women

Prevalence of addiction in males: Isfahan 2003

The use of illicit drugs is increasingly prevalent among young people in many countries. The adverse consequences of drug use by youth includes dependence, overdose, accidents, physical and psychological damage, and premature death. This cross-sectional was conducted on men at least 15 years old in Isfahan. Data were collected using two questionnaires filled out in a prison and in a city square in summer, 2003. The samples numbered 6400 and the variables included age, level of education, job, the prevalence of smoking, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in addicts, the prevalence of illicit drug use in cigarette smokers, age of beginning to smoke, and type of used substance. Data showed the prevalence of illicit drug use to be 5 +/- 0.4% in men over 15 years living in Isfahan. The prevalence of opiates use relative to cigarette smoking was 22%, and the prevalence of cigarette smoking relative to opiates use was 94.5%. Opium and heroin were found to be the most commonly used opioids. The onset age of smoking and addiction was also found to have decreased. These findings must be kept in mind when planning preventive and therapeutic programs

Valproate-risperidone versus valproate-lithium combination in acute mania

We evaluated the efficacy of valproate plus risperidone versus valproate plus lithium combination in the treatment of acute mania. In 2-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study, 46 acute manic patients according to DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned to receive combination of valproate 20 mg/ kg/day plus risperidone 2-4 mg/day [n=23] or lithium600-1200 mg/day [n=23]. The assessment of efficacy measures were according to Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS] and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity [CGI-S] and Improvement [CGI-I] scale. Other effectiveness measures included YMRS response [YMRS reduction >50%] and YMRS remission [YMRS total scores

[ related factors with lactating mothers' desires for choosing contraceptive method]

Introduction: One of the important factors for contraceptive choice is personal desires. There are various factors affecting mothers' desire in choosing contraceptive method in postpartum period. These factors cause two different mothers in the same conditions not to desire to use the same method. The aims of this research are determining lactating mothers' desires for choosing contraceptive method and the related factors

Methods: This study is a descriptive analytical cross sectional research type. The samples for this study are 384 lactating mothers referring to family planning services for the first time after delivery in Isfahan health centers. The sampling method was convenience and the data were collected with a questionnaire by interview. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods have been used in order to analyze the data in SPSS and EPI soft wares

Results: The findings indicated that the most common desired contraceptive method in lactating mothers was coitus interrupts [27.4%]. Also the following variables are as husbands, number of parity and alive children, age of the latest child, having knowledge of contraceptive methods and marital duration [P<0.05]

Discussion: Lactating mothers desires should be investigated in family planning consultation and the mothers should be obliged to avoid using contraceptive method with high failure rate [coitus interrupts]