Review on stroke induced depression

One of the frequent and dangerous aftereffects of stroke is post-stroke depression (PSD). About one in three stroke survivors had depression following their stroke. It had a significant impact on functional recovery, which resulted in a low standard of living. Even worse, there is a clear correlation between it and a high death rate. Our goal in doing this evaluation was to come up with a thorough and cohesive knowledge of PSD based on both recently released research and well-known works. We discovered that the incidence of PSD varies from 11 to 41% within a two-year period, based on a significant number of researches. The severity of the stroke, the location of the lesion, past history of depression, and other factors all has a role in the development of PSD. The DSM criteria are currently the primary basis for diagnosing PSD, and they are often coupled with different depression scales. However, there isn't a single, cohesive process that explains PSD which now include aberrant neurotrophic response, elevated inflammatory markers, lowered monoamine levels, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, and dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapies are currently used in the treatment of PSD. Even though researchers have made significant progress, many problems still need to be solved. In particular, the PSD's mechanism is not entirely understood.

Antimicrobial property of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles / 한국실험동물학회지

The usage of essential oils as antimicrobial agents is gaining attention. Besides, pet turtles were known to harbor a range of pathogenic bacteria while the turtle keeping is a growing trend worldwide.The current study examined the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil (LGO) against seven species of Gram negative bacteria namely; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella enterica, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis isolated from three popular species of pet turtles. Along with the results of disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) tests, LGO was detected as effective against 6 species of bacteria excluding P. aeruginosa. MIC of LGO for the strains except P. aeruginosa ranged from 0.016 to 0.5% (V/V). The lowest MIC recorded in the E. tarda strain followed by A. hydrophilla, C. freundii, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica. Interestingly, all the bacterial species except E. tarda were showing high multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index values ranging from 0.36 to 0.91 upon the 11 antibiotics tested although they were sensitive to LGO.

Quinolone susceptibility and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles / 한국실험동물학회지

Turtle-borne Salmonella enterica owns significance as a leading cause in human salmonellosis. The current study aimed to determine the quinolone susceptibility and the genetic characteristics of 21 strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles. Susceptibility of four antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined in disk diffusion and MIC tests where the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all tested quinolones. In genetic characterization, none of the isolates were positive for qnr or aac(6')-Ib genes and no any target site mutations could be detected in gyrA, gyrB, and parC quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR). In addition, neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree derived using gyrA gene sequences exhibited two distinct clads comprising; first, current study isolates, and second, quinolone-resistant isolates of human and animal origin. All results suggest that studied strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles are susceptible to quinolones and genetically more conserved with regards to gyrA gene region.

Antibacterial activity of essential oil from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) against pet turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria / 한국실험동물학회지

Pet turtles are well-known to harbor an array of bacterial pathogens which can cause zoonotic infections in humans as well as opportunistic infections in the turtles itself. Essential oils are the natural plant extracts which have been traditionally used for disease treatment. In the present study, the essential oil of lavender (EOL) was examined for its antibacterial activity against thirty-eight strains of turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria belonging to seven species; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. dhakensis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity of EOL was tested by means of disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 11 commonly used antimicrobials was examined and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The results revealed that EOL was active against all tested turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria except P. aeruginosa. The range of MIC and MBC values of EOL against isolates except P. aeruginosa were recorded as 0.5-1% (V/V) and 0.5-2% (V/V), respectively. The MBC/MIC ratio was detected as <4, revealing that the tested EOL was bactericidal. Besides, most of the isolates were resistant to different antimicrobials in antimicrobial disk diffusion test. MAR index values of the tested strains were ranging from 0.27 to 0.91. The outcomes indicate that EOL has a potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles.

Chemical Injuries of The Oral Cavity In Dental Practice - A Case Report And Review.

Chemical injuries to the orofacial structures occur due to varied reasons. There is not much reported cases in the literature. This paper discusses a case of aspirin burn. The treatment of aspirin burns and discussion of various types of chemical injuries to oral cavity is discussed.

Atividade antimicrobiana e rendimento do óleo essencial de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes ) Landrum, Myrtaceae / Antimicrobial activity and essential oils yield of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum, Myrtaceae

Com o objetivo de verificar o potencial antimicrobiano de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus, foi avaliado em condições de laboratório o óleo essencial extraído de suas folhas quanto à atividade nos microrganismos: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium verrucosum, Escherichia coli, e Staphylococcus aureus. A metodologia utilizada foi o método do papel de filtro embebido no óleo essencial a ser testado. A extração do óleo essencial foi feita por hidrodestilação em aparelho Clevenger modificado por Wasicky em 1963. Testou-se o óleo essencial de plantas provenientes de Campos do Jordão e de Itaquaquecetuba. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o óleo da planta procedente de Campos do Jordão apresentou atividade antimicrobiana muito próxima à do citral, inibindo em 72,7 % e 71,5 %, respectivamente, o crescimento dos microrganismos; porém, foi significativamente superior ao da planta procedente de Itaquaquecetuba, que apresentou 38,8 % de inibição. Quanto aos microrganismos, a inibição do crescimento foi maior para P. verrucosum (83,3%), seguido por A. niger (71,9%) e S. aureus (70,3%), que não apresentaram diferença entre si. A menor inibição foi apresentada por E. coli (18,4%). Com exceção de E. coli, que apresentou a mesma característica de inibição para os dois óleos e o citral, todos os demais fatores apresentaram interação significativa, demonstrando especificidade de reação para cada um dos níveis desses fatores e o potencial antimicrobiano, do óleo essencial de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus. O rendimento do óleo essencial da planta coletada em Campos do Jordão foi de 2,3% e da coletada em Itaquaquecetuba foi de 1,9% (p/v).

The essential oils of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus specimens from two distinct locations: Campos do Jordão and Itaquaquecetuba, were tested to detect antimicrobial activity to the microorganisms Aspergillus niger, Penicillium verrucosum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in medium culture. The method utilized was impregnated filter paper in essential oils . The essential oil extraction was made through method of Clevenger modified for Wasicky in 1963, for the hydrodistilation. The monoterpene citral was tested under the same conditions of the essential oils. The microorganisms development under these conditions presented the following results: the oil of P. pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus from Campos do Jordão had the same antimicrobial activity that citral, inhibiting in 72,7 % and 71,5%, the growth of the microorganisms, significantly higher than the level of the oil originated from Itaquaquecetuba that presented 38,8% of inhibition. About to the microorganisms, the growth inhibition was higher for P. verrucosum (83,3%), followed by A. niger (71,9%) and S. aureus (70,3%). The minimal inhibitory activity was presented by E. coli (18,4%). Except for E. coli, which presented the same characteristic of inhibition for two oils and the citral, all the other factors presented significant interaction, showing specificity of reaction for each one of the levels of these factors. These data demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the essential oil of the Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus var. pseudocaryophyllus The yield of essential oil collected in Campos do Jordão was 2,3% and the species collected in Itaquaquecetuba was 1,9% (w/v).

Complete Care To Cure: An Update of The Current Knowledge of Infection Control In Dental Practice.

The control of cross-infection and cross-contamination in dental practice is the focus of continuing discussion and debate and, as a result, recommendations and guidelines are regularly reviewed in the light of available information. General knowledge of immunology and body defensive mechanisms contributes to the understanding of disease prevention through immunization and through reliance on the body’s natural barriers against infection. The major source of pathogens in the dental office is the oral cavity of the patients, although they can be present anywhere in the office. It is not possible to accurately detect which patients may indeed be harboring these pathogens. Therefore infection control procedures must be applied during the care of all patients. We aim to discuss basic properties of oral microbial flora, spread of infection and prevention of cross infection in dental health care practice through this article.

Rationale For Orthodontic Treatment In The Deciduous And Early Mixed Dentition - A Review.

Timing of orthodontic treatment is a controversial topic among clinicians, showing great diversity of opinions; some recommending intervention early in the occlusal development, and others arguing in favour of treatment in the late mixed or early permanent dentition. Early interceptive orthodontic treatment for elimination of different factors affecting dental arch development, growth of maxilla and mandible is well debated and has a mixed response among clinicians, possibly because of little scientific evidence that exists to support such intervention and actual benefit from such early treatment. This article aimed to review various studies and evaluate the efficacy of early orthodontic intervention and concluded that treatment in the early mixed dentition is an effective method to restore normal occlusion and eliminate the need for further orthodontic treatment.

Controle bacteriológico de carne caprina para elaboração de hambúrguer caprino defumado / Bacteriological control of goat meat to elaboration of smoked goat hamburger

Realizaram-se avaliações bacteriológicas da matéria-prima utilizada na elaboração de um produto cárneo caprino tipo hambúrguer defumado, antes e após sanitização. A carne foi tratada por aspersão, com uma solução de ácidos orgânicos contendo 2 por cento de ácido acético, 1 por cento de ácido lático, 0,25 por cento de ácido cítrico e 0,1 por cento de ácido ascórbico, e armazenada sob refrigeração. As análises bacteriológicas foram realizadas no dia 0 e aos 7 e 14 dias após defumação. Na carne, no dia 0, a contagem de coliformes fecais estava acima do limite permitido pela legislação vigente, mas sete dias após a sanitização, esse parâmetro estava dentro dos limites permitidos. No produto final todos os parâmetros bacteriológicos encontraram-se dentro dos padrões higiênico-sanitários.

In order to obtain a safe goat smoked hamburger, bacteriological analysis of the raw material was performed before and after sanitation. Meat was sprayed with a solution of organic acids containing 2 percent acetic acid, 1 percent lactic acid, 0.25 percent citric acid and 0.1 percent ascorbic acid and, after that, stored under refrigeration. Bacteriological analysis was carried out on days 0, 7 and 14 after goat smoked hamburger processing. In meat, on day 0, the fecal coliform count was above legal limits, but on day 7 after sanitation this parameter was these limits. In the final product, all the results of the bacteriological parameters were according to the sanitary-hygienic standards.

Effectiveness of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts detection and enumeration methods in water and milk samples

Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst recovery in water and milk samples was evaluated. Samples were inoculated with a suspension of 1.2×10(7) Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and submitted to centrifugal flotation, using different solutions (sucrose, NaCl, MgSO4, ZnSO4, AlSO4, NH4SO4 40 percent and NH4SO4 80 percent). Centrifugation of the samples was carried out in two stages for concentration using two methods that differed in the order in which the saturated solutions were used, namely only in the first stage of method I and only in the second stage of method II. Oocyst identification was performed using the Kinyoun and Koster histochemical staining techniques. Samples analyzed by method I showed different degree of oocyst recovery, namely 10.9 percent with NaCl and 42.5 percent with MgSO4 in water and milk samples, while those samples analyzed by method II showed 10.6 percent with NaCl and 5.3 percent with sucrose in water and milk, respectively. Histochemical staining methods have no influence on the degree of oocysts recovery. The efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts recovery methods depends on the nature and composition of the sample and on the methodology used for oocyst concentration.

Avaliou-se a recuperação de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras de água e leite. As amostras foram contaminadas experimentalmente com uma suspensão de 1,2×10(7) oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e concentradas por centrífugo-flutuação para comparação entre diferentes substâncias (sacarose, NaCl, MgSO4, ZnSO4, AlSO4, NH4SO4 40 por cento e NH4SO4 80 por cento). A centrifugação das amostras foi realizada em duas etapas para concentração utilizando-se dois métodos, diferentes pela ordem do uso das soluções saturadas no procedimento, na primeira etapa de concentração do método I, e na segunda etapa, do método II. A identificação do oocisto foi realizada mediante as técnicas de coloração histoquímica Kinyoun e Koster modificado. O grau de recuperação de oocistos foi 10,9 por cento com NaCl e 42,5 por cento com MgSO4 nas amostras de água e leite, respectivamente (método I), e de 10,6 por cento com NaCl e 5,3 por cento com sacarose nas amostras de água e leite, respectivamente (método II). Os métodos de coloração histoquímica não influenciaram nos resultados. A eficácia dos métodos de recuperação de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. depende da natureza e composição da amostra e da metodologia usada para a concentração dos oocistos na amostra.