RESUMEN
Amphotericin B is considered as one of the most effective antifangal drugs presently used to treat systemic fungal infections; however, nephrotoxicity remains the major side effect. The current study is therefore, designed to determine Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity and its prevention by administration of Nigella sativa [NS] extract in albino mice. Thirty two albino mice, 6-8 weeks of age, 30 +/- 5 gm body wt, were randomized into four groups of eight mice each. Group A [control] was injected 3.7 ml/kg of 5% dextrose solution intraperitoneally daily for 7 days. Group B was treated with Amphotericin B [18.5 mg/kg dissolved in 3.7ml 0/5% dextrose solution] iritraperitoneally daily for 7 days. Group C received Amphotericin B [18.5 mg/kg dissolved in 3/nil of 5% dextrose solution] intraperitoneally along with Extract of Nigella sativa [500 mg/kg] orally daily for 7 days. Group D received Amphotericin B [18.5 mg/kg dissolved in 3.7 ml of 5% dextrose solution] intraperitoneally for initial 7 days; after completing the injection regimen, extract of Nigella sativa 500 mg/kg was given orally daily for next 7 days. At the end of the experiment, cardiac puncture was performed to draw blood from each animal for renal function tests. Nigella sativa when co-administered with Amphotericin B significantly contained serum urea and serum weatinine levels [p < 0.001] implying thereby that Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity was significantly reduced. However, when Nigella sativa extract was given after Amphotericin B, the toxic effects of the drug persisted unabated thus indicating that Nigella sativa protects but do not ameliorates the toxic effects of the drug
RESUMEN
Objective: to assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients of chronic renal failure on conservative management
Background: cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Determining the spectrum of echocardiographic abnormalities in these patients can help the prevention of mortality in this group of chronically ill patients
Methods: 100 adult patients with chronic renal failure and 100 healthy controls who underwent echocardiography during November 2008 till March 2009 were enrolled. Complete 2-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed for each patient and they were recorded. The left ventricular ejection fraction [EF] and fractional shortening [FS] were taken as measures of LV systolic function. Diastolic function was determined by measuring E/A ratio by spectral doppler LV inflow velocity
Results: the mean age of patients was 50 and 52% were female. The mean age of control was 48 and 54% were female Mean blood urea of patients was 61 +/- .38mg/dl, and mean serum creatinine was 3.8 +/- 2.38 mg/dl. Mean blood urea of controls was 24.9600 +/- .86 and serum creatinine of control population was 1.81 +/- 3.2. Echocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 93% patients of renal failure. The mean cardiac dimensions were right ventricular diastolic dimension: 18 +/- 0.05 mm, inter-ventricular septal dimension: 12 +/- 1.2 mm, end diastolic dimension: 52 +/- 10 mm, end systolic dimension: 38.79 +/- 9.4 mm and ejection fraction: 52 +/- 11. Mean ejection fraction was 52% , and ejection fractionless than 50% was observed in 45% patients. Mean fractional shortening was 29% in patients with chronic renal failure and 30% in control population. The mean E/A ratio in CRF group 0.86 and it was 1.2 in control group
Conclusion: echocardiographic abnormalities are very common in patients suffering from renal disease, so periodic echocardiographic examination for diagnosis and treatment of cardiac abnormalities is highly recommended