RESUMEN
Dependence [addiction] and tolerance is acquired as a result of repeated drug use, its effects will gradually diminish and so after a while the person will tolerate toxic levels of the drug without causing discomfort. Structure of Morphine have five rings with profile A [Aromatic], B [Cyclohexane], C [Cyclohexane], D [Piperidine] and E [Tetrahydrofuran], all derivatives of morphine which have these cyclic structures would have addictive potential that were compatible with their analgesic effect. Thousands of years ago, opioid compounds were used for pain relief, analgesia, induction of anesthesia [Fentanyl], alternative treatments for addiction, treatment of diarrhea [Diphenoxylate], pulmonary edema and coughs [Codeine]. The main side effects of these drugs are suppression of breathing and decreased response to carbon dioxide in the blood that can cause respiratory failure and subsequent death. There are different treatments for addiction including Acupuncture therapy [electro Acupuncture], Sleep therapy, Occupational therapy, the placebo-treated through detoxification, Methadone, Buprenorphine or Alpha agonist receptor detoxification, Opioid antagonist drugs and treatment with herbal drugs
RESUMEN
Cytochrome P450 2C19 [CYP2C19] is a polymorphically expressed enzyme that shows marked interindividual and interethnic variation. CYP2C19[asterisk]2 and CYP2C19[asterisk]3 are the most frequent identified defective alleles in Orientals and Caucasian poor metabolizers [PM]. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequencies of CYP2C19[asterisk]1, CYP2C19[asterisk]2 and CYP2C19[asterisk]3 alleles and CYP2C19 genotypes among Mazandarani ethnic group among Iranian Population. The study was conducted on 103 unrelated healthy volunteers. DNA was extracted from leucocytes and analyzed by the PCR-RFLP protocol. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes [SmaI and BamH1] and then separated electrophoretically using polyacrylamide gel. Of the tested alleles, CYP2C19[asterisk]1, and CYP2C19[asterisk]2, but not CYP2C19[asterisk]3, were detected. The frequencies for CYP2C19 alleles [asterisk]1, [asterisk]2, and [asterisk]3 were 91%, 9.0%, and 0.0%, respectively. CYP2C19 genotypes [asterisk]1/[asterisk]1, [asterisk]1/[asterisk]2, [asterisk]1/[asterisk]3, [asterisk]2/[asterisk]2, [asterisk]2/[asterisk]3 and [asterisk]3/[asterisk]3 frequencies were 84%, 14%, 0.0%, 2.0%, and 0.0%, respectively. The result of the present study shows that the two inactive alleles of CYP2C19 accounted for 9.0% of CYP2C19 alleles in our sample versus 8.8 - 40.1% reported in other populations. The frequency of alleles was significant. Differences between our sample and African and Eastern Asian populations