RESUMEN
A study was done to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of soils in 2022–23 in several Kandhmal districts of Odisha. The primary goals of this study were to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of soil at various depths. To determine the availability of macronutrients in soil samples from Udayagiri, Raikia, and Tikabali blocks in Kandhmal District, Odisha, and to provide an assessment, 9 sampling locations were chosen. The depths at which soil samples were taken were 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm, respectively. The soil colour (dry condition) varied from brownish yellow to yellow. The soil colour (wet condition) varied from dark reddish brown to dark brown. On practically every site, sand and loam dominated the soil texture. Bulk density varied between 1.01 and 1.49 Mg/m3). The range of the particle density was 2.14 to 2.52 Mg m-3. Pore space varied between 47.64 and 41.11%. The range of the water-retaining capacity was 45.17 to 39.17%. The pH of the soil was 5.01 to 6.15, which indicates that it is moderately acidic. Between 0.17 and 0.41 dS m-1, the electrical conductivity was found to be The range of the soil's organic carbon was 0.21 to 0.41%. The range of available nitrogen was 134–330 kg ha-1. The range of available phosphorus was 3.56 to 23.82 kg ha-1. From 108.39 to 256 kg ha-1, there was potassium that was readily available. Between 3.32 and 4.02 cmol (p+) kg-1 of exchangeable calcium were present. The range of the exchangeable magnesium was 2.6 to 3.6 [cmol (p+) kg-1]. are very sufficient on this soil. There is growing awareness of the importance of improving the soil's macronutrients for good soil health and optimal plant nutrition in order to achieve the highest possible economic yield and a soil that is suited for all important tropical and subtropical crops. Results suggest that farmers should adopt appropriate soil management techniques, such as conservation tillage and crop rotation, which will contribute to maintaining the soil's physical characteristics and ensure the sustainability of agricultural practises and the long-term health of the soil.