Surfactant Replacement Therapy Beyond Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates.

Background: Surfactant replacement therapy is an established modality of treatment in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. In addition, there are various neonatal respiratory disorders which are characterized by surfactant deficiency in which surfactant therapy can be a feasible and safe option. Objective: To collate the literature on the use of surfactant replacement therapy in neonates beyond respiratory distress syndrome and examine the evidence and newer developments. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to June 2015; and previous reviews, including cross-references, abstracts, and conference proceedings. Results: Evidence supports surfactant administration via bolus route in neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome, but additional robust evidence is required before its adoption in clinical practice. There is limited evidence to support surfactant therapy in neonates with pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Large multicenter randomized trials are needed to cement or refute the role of surfactant therapy in these disorders.

Effect of Two Different Doses of Parenteral Amino Acid Supplementation on Postnatal Growth of Very Low Birth Weight Neonates – A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of two different doses of parenteral aminoacid supplementation on postnatal growth in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants receiving partial parenteral nutrition (PPN). Design: Double blinded randomized controlled trial. Settings: Level 3 NICU between February 2008 to February 2010. Participants: 150 inborn babies with birthweight between 900- 1250 g, irrespective of gestational age, were randomized to either of the two interventions of amino acid supplementation. Intervention: Two different initial doses of parenteral amino acids (AA) in the PPN solutions- Low AA group: 1 g/kg/d versus High AA group: 3 g/kg/d from day 1 of life with increment by 1 g/kg every day till a maximum of 4 g/kg/d, until babies tolerated 75% enteral feeds. Main outcome: Average postnatal weight gain (in g/kg/d)) by 28 days of life. Results: Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. The gain in weight, length and head circumference at 28 days were significantly lower in the High AA group. The average weight gain at 28 days was 8.67g/kg/d in the High AA group and 13.15g/kg/d in the Low AA group (mean difference 123.12, 95% CI 46.67 to 199.37, P<0.001). The incidences of neonatal morbidities associated with prematurity were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Higher initial parenteral aminoacid supplementation, in settings where partial parenteral nutrition is administered, results in poor growth in VLBW infants due to inadequate non-protein calorie intake.

Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care Vs Expressed Breast Milk Administration on Pain Associated with Removal of Adhesive Tape in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To compare the pain relief effect of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) and Expressed Breast Milk (EBM) on the pain associated with adhesive tape removal in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Participants: 15 VLBW neonates who needed adhesive tape removal for the first part and 50 VLBW neonates needing adhesive tape removal for the second part. Methods: In first stage of the study, we studied whether adhesive tape removal in VLBW neonates was painful. In the second stage, eligible VLBW neonates were randomised to compare the efficacy of KMC and EBM in reducing the pain during the procedure of adhesive tape removal. Outcome Variables: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) Score, heart rate, oxygen saturation. Results: There was significant increase in pain associated with the removal of adhesive tape (Mean pre-procedure PIPP score 3.47 ± 0.74; post-procedure mean PIPP score 12.13 ± 2.59; P<0.0001). The post intervention mean PIPP pain score was not significantly different between the KMC and EBM groups (P= 0.62). Conclusions: Removal of adhesive tape is a painful procedure for VLBW neonates. There was no difference between KMC and EBM in relieving pain associated with adhesive tape removal.

Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of Kangaroo mother care (KMC) and conventional methods of care (CMC) on growth in LBW babies (> 2000 g). STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Level III NICU of a teaching institution in western India. SUBJECTS: 206 neonates with birth weight < 2000 g. INTERVENTION: The subjects were randomized into two groups: the intervention group (KMC-103) received Kangaroo mother care. The control group (CMC: 103) received conventional care. OUTCOME MEASURES: Growth, as measured by average daily weight gain and by other anthropometrical parameters at 40 weeks postmenstrual age in preterm babies and at 2500 g in term SGA infants was assessed. RESULTS: The KMC babies had better average weight gain per day (KMC: 23.99 g vs CMC: 15.58 g, P< 0.0001). The weekly increments in head circumference (KMC: 0.75 cm vs CMC: 0.49 cm, P = 0.02) and length (KMC: 0.99 cm vs CMC: 0.7 cm, P = 0.008) were higher in the KMC group. A significantly higher number of babies in the CMC group suffered from hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and sepsis. There was no effect on time to discharge. More KMC babies were exclusively breastfed at the end of the study (98% vs 76%). KMC was acceptable to most mothers and families at home. CONCLUSION: Kangaroo mother care improves growth and reduces morbidities in low birth weight infants. It is simple, acceptable to mothers and can be continued at home.

Sirenomelia apus with vestigial tail.

Sirenomelia is an exceptionally rare congenital malformation characterized by complete or near complete fusion of lower limbs. A newborn with clinical features of sirenomelia including fused lower limbs in medial position, absent fibula, anal atresia, complete absence of urogenital system (bilateral renal agenesis, absent ureters, urinary bladder, absent internal and external genitalia), a single umbilical artery and a vestigial tail is reported. Association of vestigial tail with sirenomelia is not described in the literature.

Fanconi's anemia in newborn.

Fanconi's anemia (FA) is a paradigm for congenital anomalies, aplastic anemia and predisposition to malignancies. Identification of the disease at birth is based on characteristic physical malformations, as hematologic manifestations at birth are extremely rare. We report a case of FA in a newborn who presented with anophthalmia, unilateral radial ray defect, hemivertebrae and thrombocytopenia.