RESUMEN
The high labial frenal attachment in mandibular anterior segment is most commonly associated with inadequate width of attached gingiva. Insufficient attached gingiva contributed to the difficulty in oral hygiene maintenance and ultimately poor gingival health. Frenectomy, vestibular extension and gingival augmentation procedures either alone or in combination are often required to maintain adequate health of the gingiva. Clinical relevance Inadequate width of keratinised gingiva contributed to the difficulty in oral hygiene maintenance and ultimately poor gingival health. Frenotomy with free gingival graft (FGG) technique is most predictable in these situations. Objective To highlight the importance of keratinised gingiva and overview of the FGG technique.
RESUMEN
A significant goal of periodontology in the recent years has been the regeneration of periodontal tissues to their original form, architecture and function after they have been affected by periodontitis. Periodontal regeneration is a complex wound healing process that involves the structural and functional rebuilding of periodontal tissues that have been lost as a consequence of periodontal diseases. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors and cytokines which are known for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage and have now evoked interest among researchers in this field.
RESUMEN
Science is providing us the tools to diagnose and treat the infection before it causes damage. For some decades now, bacteria known as probiotics have been added to various foods because of their beneficial effects for human health. It comprises knowledge of the relationship between diet and health and the effects of food ingredients on physiological functions and health. Probiotics are commonly consumed as part of fermented foods with specially added active live cultures; such as in yogurt or as dietary supplements. The potential application of probiotics for oral health has recently been the focus of attention for various health researchers. The aim of this review is to examine potential mechanisms of probiotic bacteria in the oral cavity and summarize observed effects of probiotics with respect to oral health.