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Background: To evaluate the complete profile of male partners in infertile couples with special emphasis on detection of genital TB.Methods: The study was conducted in the fertility clinic of department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak and GB Pant Hospitals, New Delhi from August 2015 to December 2016 among 100 infertile couples. Detailed history, general physical and local examination of male partners was done. Routine blood and urine tests, combined with radiology examination of chest and mantoux skin test of male partners were done followed by investigations specific to male factor evaluation. Two semen samples collected after 3-5 days of sexual abstinence were analyzed to assess semen parameters such as volume, total sperm count, total motility and morphology. Ultrasound and colour Doppler of scrotum and hormone analysis was done in all cases of azoopermia, oligoasthenospermia or asthenospermia. Testicular FNAC was done for all cases of azoospermia and oligoasthenospermia to establish cause of male infertility.Results: 72% couples had primary infertility. 34% males were daily tobacco chewers. 8 males had varicocele and 2 had undescended testes on examination. 60% males had semen analysis in the normal range and 19% had azoospermia. Tobacco chewing, testicular size abnormalities, varicocele, hydrocele were significantly associated with abnormal semen findings. A statistically significant relation was found between elevated S.FSH and semen analysis findings. A statistically significant association was found between penile meatal stenosis, chest X-ray, mantoux test with history of TB in male/female partner.Conclusions: Primary infertility was more common than secondary infertility in our study group. Addiction was found to be an important factor in infertile men particularly tobacco chewing. Elevated Serum FSH levels were a common finding in males with azoospermia and oligoasthenospermia.
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Parotitis is commonly associated with viral infections, while some cases can be bacterial. Parotitis with enteric fever is very rare and has not been reported in pediatric population. An 8-years-old girl presented with parotitis, high grade fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. Salient examination findings were bilateral parotitis, cervical lymphadenopathy on right side, tonsillar hypertrophy with exudates over the right tonsil. Abdominal examination did not reveal any hepatosplenomegaly. Blood culture showed Salmonella paratyphi A., while other test for etiology of parotitis were non-conclusive. Parenteral ceftriaxone was given for a total duration of 14 days. The child responded well clinically and was kept under close follow-up. Presence of parotitis with enteric fever is a very rare finding. Blood culture is a gold standard test for diagnosing enteric fever. It should be incorporated in first line investigations in cases presenting with high grade fever and parotitis.
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This single-center, retrospective study was conducted at Marengo Asia Hospital, Haryana from January 2023 to November 2023. Children aged 1 month to 16 years, admitted with a positive adenovirus polymerase chain reaction (nasopharyngeal swab) were included. Symptomatic management was provided to all children. The study focuses on discussing the demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological profiles of hospitalized children with human adenovirus infection. Among the 25 children with a positive adenovirus polymerase chain reaction, 18 (72%) were males, 15 (60%) were within the age group of 1 month to 5 years. Furthermore, 13 (52%) children were hospitalized during summer season. The most prevalent symptoms observed in children admitted with adenovirus infection were high-grade persistent fever in 25 cases (100%), cough and cold in 15 cases (60%), 14 (56%) vomiting in 14 cases (56%), pain abdomen and loose stools in 10 cases (40%), conjunctivitis in 6 cases (24%), and adenoviral pneumonia in 4 cases (16%). Notably all children were discharged successfully without encountering any complications. HAdV infections are commonly associated with high- grade fever, challenging the conventional perception that respiratory infections are their predominant manifestation. Equally noteworthy is the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in HAdV infections
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Background@#The objective of behavioral guidance is to establish effective communication that aligns with a child's requirements to manage disruptive behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Tell-Show-Do and Ask-Tell-Ask techniques in managing dental anxiety in children during their initial appointment. @*Methods@#The study included 50 children (28 boys and 22 girls) without any prior experience between the ages of 7 and 11 at their first dental visit. The children were randomly categorized into two groups: Group 1, Tell Shows Do, and Group 2, Ask-Tell-Ask. Subsequently, all children underwent noninvasive treatment procedures such as restorations, sealants, and oral prophylaxis. Furthermore, behavioral management techniques were employed based on the allocated group. Finally, anxiety levels for all children were assessed using the Raghavendra, Madhuri, and Sujata Pictorial Scale (RMS-PS) and heart rate at three different intervals (before, during, and after). The obtained data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. A paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to compare the mean and median values of the two groups and determine their effectiveness. @*Results@#Children in the TSD group exhibited statistically significant heart rates and RMS-PS scores in intra-group comparisons. However, children in the ask-tell-ask group showed a significant reduction only in the RMS-PS scores (P < 0.001) but not in the measures used to assess heart rate (P < 0.001). @*Conclusion@#Tell-Show-Do was more effective than ask-tell-ask in alleviating dental anxiety in children. The simultaneous application of these two strategies can synergistically alleviate dental anxiety during a child’s initial dentist appointment.
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Background@#Distraction is a technique used to divert a patient’s attention from unpleasant procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of kaleidoscopy, virtual reality, and video games in reducing anxiety and pain during invasive dental procedures in children. @*Methods@#Sixty-six children aged 6 to 9 years were randomly assigned to three groups during local anesthesia administration: Group 1 (kaleidoscope), Group 2 (virtual reality), and Group 3 (mobile video games). The anxiety of the children was evaluated using physiological measures (heart rate) at three different time points: before, during, and after the procedure. The Raghavendra, Madhuri, and Sujata pictorial scale was used as a subjective measure before and after the procedure. Subjective measures of pain were assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Scale. The data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. @*Results@#In the intergroup comparison, there were no statistically significant differences in the physiological measures of anxiety scores between the three groups before, during, and after distraction. Raghavendra, Madhuri, and Sujata pictorial scale scores were assessed before and after distraction, but no statistically significant differences were observed. Among the three groups, the children in Group 2 showed a significant reduction in pain scores. @*Conclusion@#Compared with kaleidoscopes and video games, virtual reality is a promising distraction technique for reducing dental fear, anxiety, and pain during local anesthesia administration in children.
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Background: Assessment of the subjective perception of the women regarding satisfaction of oral intake during labor and the effect of oral intake on cervical dilatation rates and labor duration in low-risk laboring women.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2021-July 2022 in a tertiary care hospital with 176 low risk laboring women. Satisfaction of oral intake in labor was assessed by a questionnaire post-delivery and the answers were analysed among various parous groups and were correlated with cervical dilatation rates in active and latent phase and duration of labor.Results: Based on the satisfaction of oral intake in labor, the patients were divided into very satisfied, satisfied, neutral and dissatisfied group. Only 6.7% of primigravidas and 25% of multigravidas were very satisfied with oral intake. Patients who were dissatisfied and not satisfied with oral intake had slower median rates of cervical dilation of 0.45 cm/hour and 1.25 cm/hour in latent and active phase respectively compared to the very satisfied group who had a rate of 0.5 cm/hour and 2.4 cm/hour in the latent and active phase in primigravidas. The mean duration of the first and second stage of labor was 15.5 hours and 50 minutes in the dissatisfied group which was prolonged compared to the patients who had very satisfied oral intake in labor with a duration of 9.6 hours and 30.8 minutes respectively among the primi-gravidasConclusions: In primi-gravidas the cervical dilation rates were faster in the group who were very satisfied and satisfied with their oral intake compared to the group who were dissatisfied. The labor duration was also prolonged among the dissatisfied group.
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This study was carried out during March – June 2022 on vegetable research farm Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The objective of the experiment was to screen out the best combination of biofertilizer and inorganic manures for growth, yield, and quality of okra and to work out the economics. The design of the experiment was randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The result shows that T8 75%N + 100%PK + Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB was found superior in terms of plant height (9.30cm in 20 days, 30.23cm in 40 days, 43.58cm in 60 days), plant spread (19.94cm2 in 20 days, 34.64 cm2 in 40 days, 60.74 cm2 in 60 days), days to first flowering (33.98 days), days to 50% flowering (42.43days), days to fruit setting (46.95 days), days to first fruit picking (48.68 days), fruit weight (9.83g), length of fruit at marketable stage (13.10cm), girth of fruit (2.02cm), no. of fruit per plant (23.98/plant), no. of seeds per fruit (48.39), fruit yield per plant(g) 235.65g, fruit yield per plot (kg) 7.78kg, fruit yield (t/ha) 19.44, TSS (14.61oBrix), ascorbic acid (21.31 mg/100g). Net economic returns of treatment were highest in T8 (75%N + 100%PK + Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB) Rs.472592.83 with highest cost benefit ratio of (4.27).
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Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira icterohemorrhagica is a severe, acute condition which can be complicated by multi-organ dysfunction renal failure, liver failure (jaundice), acute respiratory distress syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and bleeding manifestations such as petechiae, epistaxis, hematemesis, hemoptysis, malena, commonly we see characteristic conjunctival suffusion and may lead to fatal multiple organ dysfunction. Leptospirosis may be mistaken for diverse infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, rickettsial disease, ehrlichiosis or hantavirus infection which may mimic leptospirosis. We reported an interesting and rare case of leptospirosis with acute pancreatitis who had a prolonged course.
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Mung bean is a short-duration ancient legume crop that can be grown as a sole or intercrop for grain and green manure in all three crop seasons, including winter, summer and rainy in various regions of the country. MYMV (Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus) disease is one of the most destructive diseases transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn) persistently. Weather parameters have no direct effect on MYMV, but affect the whitefly population. Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years from 2019-2021 as to know the effect of weather parameters on the whitefly population. Development of whitefly population and MYMV disease severity were recorded in mungbean crops at 7 days interval starting from 20 days after sowing (DAS). The present study showed that whitefly population builds up starting in July and reached to maximum at end of August to early September. There are various factors influencing the build-up of whitefly population viz., maximum temperature 36±2°C, minimum temperature 25±2°C, morning relative humidity more than 90 percent, more sunshine hours and no rainfall prevailing during that period. Whitefly population had positive significant correlation with maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours while evening relative humidity and rainfall were recorded as negatively significant. Three-year data is very helpful in guiding the farmers for timely and preventive sprays based on existing infections and the population of whitefly in a season.
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Dermatosis of pregnancy encompasses a group of skin conditions that occurs due to interaction of multiple factors in the body during pregnancy or during post-partum period. We presented a case of 25-year-old G4P1L1A2 with initial symptom of urticarial rash which later progressed to a rare and a scary dermatosis of pregnancy which became a challenge both to the obstetrician and the dermatologist.
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Photobiomodulation (PBM) or formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is nothing but low-dosage biophotonics for therapy which presents an advancing new era of regenerative modalities in dental implantology. It utilizes light emitting diodes (LEDs), broad light sources and lasers for this purpose. Photobiomodulation is intended for relieving pain and inflammation, regulating immune responses as well as stimulating wound healing and tissue regeneration. This helps in combatting the main pathological causes of implant failures that are, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis as well as helps promote osseointegration and improve stability of implants. While the scope of photobiomodulation has been thoroughly investigated in in-vitro and animal studies, human clinical trials are still scarce which makes appropriate protocol formation with respect to dosage and mode of delivery among other parameters difficult. A recently introduced and potential application of photobiomodulation in the field of implantology aims to deliver the positive effects of biophotonics through in-situ ambulatory PBM therapy called the smart dental implant (SDI) system. This comprehensive review presents the current and future trends in the application of photobiomodulation in the field of dental implantology.
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Background: The reliability of patch testing with expired Indian standard patch test kits has been not evaluated before. Methods: Thirty adults (men:women 25:5) with allergic contact dermatitis were divided into three groups of ten patients each for patch testing by Finn chamber® method using Indian standard patch test kits having expiry in 2016, 2015 and 2014. The results were compared with those from a new kit with 2018 expiry. Results: Ten patients in group-1, eight patients in group-2 and seven patients in group-3 developed positive reactions of identical intensities and mostly from identical allergens from all four kits. The major contact allergens eliciting positive reactions of identical intensities were parthenium in nine, five and three patients, colophony in four, one and zero patients, fragrance mix in three, three and one patients, thiuram mix in three, one and one patients, and paraphenylene diamine in two, one and three patients from group-1,-2, and -3, respectively. Limitations: Small number of patients in each group remains the major limitation of the study. Whether or not these results can be extrapolated with patch test results from other similar patch test kits available across countries also needs confirmation. Conclusion: The patch test allergens can be used beyond labeled expiry dates but needs confirmation by a few large studies and using other available patch test kits. This is important as the relevance of patch test results for individual allergen in this scenario may remain debatable requiring careful interpretation
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Purpose: To report the anatomic and visual outcomes following macular buckling in patients affected by pathological myopia?associated foveoschisis (FS) and macular detachment with or without macular hole (MH). Methods: A retrospective interventional consecutive case series wherein 25 highly myopic eyes (mean axial length 28.46 mm; range, 25–33.8 mm) of 24 patients (16 females and 8 males; mean age 54.1 years; range, 35–74 years) presenting with macular detachment associated with a posterior staphyloma (PS), who underwent macular buckling, were evaluated. Patients with absence or reduction in subretinal fluid by more than 90% during the final follow?up along with inversion of contour of staphyloma were considered to have a successful anatomical outcome and those with improvement or maintenance in visual acuity were considered to have a successful functional outcome. The mean duration of follow?up was 11.2 months. Results: At the time of initial presentation, the mean age of the 24 patients was 54.1 ± 10.28 years. Macular detachment along with FS was present in all cases, whereas full?thickness macular hole?related retinal detachment was present in nine cases. Swept?source optical coherence tomography parameters showed reduction of FS with foveal reattachment in all eyes except one at last visit. Mean axial length decreased from 28.5 mm preoperatively (range 26–33.8 mm) to 26.2 mm (range 24–29.3 mm). The mean best?corrected visual acuity changed from 1.16 log MAR to 1.096 Log MAR (P = 0.165). Visual acuity improved in 10 eyes (40%), remained stable in 11 eyes (44%) and decreased in 4 eyes (16%). Conclusion: Macular buckling is a good surgical technique with encouraging anatomic and visual outcomes in patients with myopic macular detachment associated with PS. Highly selective cases of myopic traction maculopathy can have a viable option of macular buckle surgery in stabilizing the retinal tractional changes, and thereby, vision loss.
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Extraovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) develop from ectopic gonadal tissue situated along the embryonal route of the genital ridge. Primary retroperitoneal tumors are extremely rare, with an incidence of 02% -06% and 80-85% probability of malignancy. Only eight such case reports have been published previously. We herein, report a rare case of extraovarian retroperitoneal GCT in a 55-year-old woman who presented with intermittent left lumbar region pain of one-year duration. She had a history of hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 8 years ago for uterine leiomyoma. Laparotomy revealed a retroperitoneal mass measuring 8cm x 10cm x 20cm in size, solid cystic with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. The gross features, classical histopathology, and positive immunostaining of the retroperitoneal mass with inhibin, calretinin, PR, WT1 and immunonegativity for EMA were characteristic of adult-type GCT. Excluding any previous history of primary ovarian GCT in this patient, a de-novo retroperitoneal diagnosis was established.
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Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Retroperitoneales/patología , Tumor de Células de la Granulosa/patologíaRESUMEN
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare but severe and potentially life-threatening systemic clinical condition. We report a case of a 44-year-old female, who developed DRESS syndrome after taking two doses of aceclofenac, paracetamol, and thiocolchicoside fixed-dose combination. The patient presented with maculopapular rashes, itching, fever, pedal edema, swelling of the face and lips, difficulty in swallowing, loose stools, and vomiting for 4 days following drug intake. Laboratory and histopathological investigations supported the diagnosis following RegiSCAR criteria. The DRESS syndrome in this patient was definite as per Naranjo’s adverse drug reaction probability scale. The patient was adequately managed using systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, and intravenous fluids. Aceclofenac is the most likely causative agent of DRESS syndrome in this patient. Early detection and withdrawal of the suspected drug along with adequate supportive treatment are the mainstay of management.
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Schmincke described lymphoepithelioma as an undifferentiated carcinoma with abundant lymphoid stroma in the nasopharynx. Tumors with a similar histomorphology in extrapharyngeal areas have been referred to as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC). The association of an Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with lymphoepithelioma is well established in the nasopharynx but not so well at the extrapharyngeal sites. Only four cases of LELC have been reported in the gall bladder, of which all were negative for the EBV. This paper reports the first case of an EBV-associated mixed gall bladder carcinoma exhibiting a distinct phenotype of LELC and adenocarcinoma with mucinous differentiation. The EBV was confirmed by the strong granular membranous and cytoplasmic expression of LMP-1 (latent membrane protein-1) on immunohistochemistry and nuclear EBER RNA on chromogen in-situ hybridization in the tumor. This is the first case of LELC positive for EBV in the gall bladder. LELC has a more favorable prognosis than conventional adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, irrespective of the site. Although a higher T stage and nodal metastasis were exceptional in the present case in contrast to the previous cases, the EBV-associated lymphocytic response might limit the disease spread and confer better overall survival and prognosis in these patients. Nevertheless, more prospective studies with a larger cohort will be needed to understand the pathogenesis, biological behavior, and prognosis of this rare entity.
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Schmincke described lymphoepithelioma as an undifferentiated carcinoma with abundant lymphoid stroma in the nasopharynx. Tumors with a similar histomorphology in extrapharyngeal areas have been referred to as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC). The association of an Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with lymphoepithelioma is well established in the nasopharynx but not so well at the extrapharyngeal sites. Only four cases of LELC have been reported in the gall bladder, of which all were negative for the EBV. This paper reports the first case of an EBV-associated mixed gall bladder carcinoma exhibiting a distinct phenotype of LELC and adenocarcinoma with mucinous differentiation. The EBV was confirmed by the strong granular membranous and cytoplasmic expression of LMP-1 (latent membrane protein-1) on immunohistochemistry and nuclear EBER RNA on chromogen in-situ hybridization in the tumor. This is the first case of LELC positive for EBV in the gall bladder. LELC has a more favorable prognosis than conventional adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, irrespective of the site. Although a higher T stage and nodal metastasis were exceptional in the present case in contrast to the previous cases, the EBV-associated lymphocytic response might limit the disease spread and confer better overall survival and prognosis in these patients. Nevertheless, more prospective studies with a larger cohort will be needed to understand the pathogenesis, biological behavior, and prognosis of this rare entity.
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Background Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a very rare paraneoplastic manifestation in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It is an uncommon pattern of renal disease in such patients. Case presentation We report a case of an 82-year-old male who was admitted with acute kidney injury. Renal biopsy showed typical findings of light chain-associated ATIN with scattered inflammatory cells in the interstitium and associated active tubulitis. No other common manifestations of MM were present at the time of presentation, including hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, proteinuria, bone pain or lytic bone lesions. Subsequent immunoassays revealed significant serum lambda light chain burden and Bence Jones protein in urine. Immunofluorescence demonstrated linear tubular basement membranes with positive staining for lambda light chain (3+). Electron microscopy (EM) further showed interstitial edema and inflammation. All the aforementioned findings are consistent with ATIN and supported the diagnosis of MM. Conclusions In conclusion, light chain-associated ATIN should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Henceforth, serum free light chains as well as serum and urine protein electrophoresis should be included in the workup of such patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Mieloma Múltiple/complicaciones , Nefritis Intersticial/complicaciones , Proteinuria , Hiperuricemia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Electroforesis , Lesión Renal Aguda , HipercalcemiaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate Indian dental students' perception of seeking international dental higher education during COVID-19. Material and Methods: We conducted an online survey among the dental students. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared, which had information on country choice, reasons for the decision to study abroad, measures to be taken by the foreign universities because of COVID-19, the application's status, current plan, and opinions on exploring other possibilities. Results: Four hundred students constituted the final sample, out of which the majority were females (69.3%). Most of the students were not sure about their status in the application process (63%). The current plan to study abroad remained uncertain for almost half of the students (50.2%). Concerning the status of the application process, a significantly higher number of female students were "not sure" and are still "searching colleges" (p<0.001). Similarly, a higher number of females were "uncertain" or "postponed" or "canceled" when compared to the males concerning the current plan to study abroad (p=0.001). Also, a significantly higher proportion of female students cited the study budget as the main deterrent for pursuing a career abroad and opined that "flexible study options" will help them get admissions post-COVID-19 (p=0.001 and 0.035). Conclusion: A substantial impact was perceived by Indian dental students concerning higher education abroad, more among females.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudiantes de Odontología , Internacionalidad , Educación en Odontología , COVID-19 , India/epidemiología , Autoimagen , Estudios Transversales/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Interpretación Estadística de DatosRESUMEN
Objective: Early childhood caries is the presence of dental caries in a child upto seventy one months of age. Saliva plays a major role in maintaining good oral health. The composition of saliva acts as a marker for oral health and the salivary proteins help in modulating the oral microflora in the oral cavity. Some salivary biomarkers help in detecting caries risk and can also predict their prognosis. Ferritin is one of the major biomarkers present in the saliva which acts as an iron binding protein and also as a monitoring tool in children suffering from iron deficiency. The ferritin levels are in increased in serum as well as in saliva to balance the deficiency of iron in the body. Material and methods: Sixty children were selected for the study aged between three to six years. The saliva sample was collected using standard spit method in a sterile container and Ferritin was tested in the samples by Chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay(CMIA). Results: Salivary ferritin was found to be higher in the saliva of children with early childhood caries(mean value= 5.867) than in children without early childhood caries(mean value= 3.412). Conclusion: A direct association is present between salivary ferritin levels and dental caries. Increased level of ferritin is observed in children with Early childhood caries. Clinical relevance: The level of salivary ferritin is found to be raised in the present study in children with Early childhood caries. The exact mechanism is although not known it can be assumed that the children with early childhood caries might have deficiency of iron which has led to the increased amount of salivary ferritin in the saliva. (AU)
Objetivo: A cárie precoce é definida como a presença de cárie dentária em uma criança de até setenta e um meses de idade. A saliva desempenha um papel importante na manutenção de uma boa saúde bucal. A composição da saliva atua como um marcador para a saúde bucal e as proteínas salivares auxiliam na modulação da microflora oral na cavidade oral. Alguns biomarcadores salivares ajudam a detectar o risco de cárie e também podem prever seu prognóstico. A ferritina é um dos principais biomarcadores presentes na saliva, que atua como uma proteína ligadora de ferro e também como uma ferramenta de monitoramento em crianças com deficiência de ferro. Os níveis de ferritina aumentam tanto no soro quanto na saliva para equilibrar a deficiência de ferro no corpo. Material e Métodos: foram selecionadas para o estudo 60 crianças com idades entre três e seis anos. A amostra de saliva foi coletada pelo método padrão de cuspir em um recipiente estéril e a ferritina foi testada nas amostras através de um imunoensaio de micropartículas por quimioluminescência (CMIA). Resultados: A ferritina salivar foi maior na saliva de crianças com cárie na primeira infância (valor médio = 5,867) do que em crianças sem cárie na primeira infância (valor médio = 3,412). Conclusão: Existe uma associação direta entre os níveis de ferritina salivar e a cárie dentária. Nível elevado de ferritina é observado em crianças com cárie na primeira infância. Relevância clínica: O nível de ferritina salivar está elevado no presente estudo em crianças com cárie na primeira infância. Embora o mecanismo exato seja desconhecido, pode-se presumir que crianças com cárie na primeira infância podem ter deficiência de ferro, o que levou a um aumento na quantidade de ferritina salivar na saliva. (AU)