Trends in Stroke Presentations before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Background@#and Purpose There are reports of decline in the rates of acute emergency presentations during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic including stroke. We performed a meta-analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on rates of stroke presentations and on rates of reperfusion therapy. @*Methods@#Following the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines, we systematically searched the literature for studies reporting changes in stroke presentations and treatment rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aggregated data were pooled using meta-analysis with random-effect models. @*Results@#We identified 37 observational studies (n=375,657). Pooled analysis showed decline in rates of all strokes (26.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22.4 to 29.7) and its subtypes; ischemic (25.3%; 95% CI, 21.0 to 30.0), hemorrhagic (27.6%; 95% CI, 20.4 to 35.5), transient ischemic attacks (41.9%; 95% CI, 34.8 to 49.3), and stroke mimics (45.6%; 95% CI, 33.5 to 58.0) during months of pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic period. The decline was most evident for mild symptoms (40% mild vs. 25%–29% moderate/severe). Although rates of intravenous thrombolytic (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) decreased during pandemic, the likelihood of being treated with IVT and EVT did not differ between the two periods, both in primary and in comprehensive stroke centers (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.24 and OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.09, respectively). @*Conclusions@#Rates of all strokes types decreased significantly during pandemic. It is of paramount importance that general population should be educated to seek medical care immediately for stroke-like symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic. Whether delay in initiation of secondary prevention would affect eventual stroke outcomes in the long run needs further study.

Effect of Salinity Stress on Germination, Seedling Growth, Mineral Uptake and Chlorophyll Contents of Three Cucurbitaceae Species

Abstract This study was performed to screen out the various species of 'Cucurbitaceae' family, musk melon (Kalash and Durga), bottle gourd (Crystal Long and Nuefield) and squash (Green Round, and Squash Malika) against the salt stress. All genotypes were treated with five different levels of NaCl (T0 = control, T1 = 1.5 dS m-1, T2 = 3.0 dS m-1, T3 = 4.5 dS m-1 and T4 = 6.0 dS m-1) and half strength of Hoagland's nutrients solution as the base nutrient solution. Results showed that the bottle gourd varieties "Nuefield" and "Crystal Long" performed best by maintaining the highest germination (93.2% and 85.6%), number of leaves per plant (4.5 and 5.7), shoot length (16.84 cm and 16.14 cm), root length (13.48 cm and 13.00 cm), plant fresh weight (942.2 g and 918.6 g), plant dry weight (118.4 g and 107.5 g), leaf area (171.2 cm2 and 169.1 cm2), chlorophyll content (3.5 μg/cm-2 and 3.4 μg/cm-2) with low chloride (1.57 ppm and 1.59 ppm) and sodium content (0.47 ppm and 0.51 ppm) under salt stress followed by varieties of Squash (Green Round, and Squash Malika) and musk melon (Kalash and Durga). It was also found that a higher level of salinity (4.5 dS m-1 and 6.0 dS m-1) has more adverse effects on the performance of all selected genotypes. Conclusively, it can be recommended that as compared to all tested species, bottle gourd varieties "Nuefield" and "Crystal Long" have the ability to withstand against salinity stress and should be planted under salt stress conditions.

The Assessment of Occupational Injuries of Workers in Pakistan

Background@#The prevailing global work scenario and deteriorating health facilities in economies indulge the risk perspective in the labor market model. This is the reason that the risk factor is cautiously attributed to wages and labor market efficiencies specifically in developing and emerging economies. In this respect, Occupational Injuries of Workers (OIW) is considered essential to demonstrate the risk and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) setups given the constraints of the labor. Intuitively, the prime objective of this study is to make an assessment of the labor market considering the OIW through the indicators of industry division, employment status, occupational distribution, adopted treatment, gender and regionality. @*Methods@#The assessment strategy of the study has been categorized into trend analysis and Index Value Calculation (IVC) segments employing the data from 2001 to 2018. @*Results@#The pattern of the selected indicators of the OIW has been observed in the available data while the IVC estimations are considered through time and reference categories. The findings of both exercises revealed absolute and relative heterogeneities at both industry and occupational levels. @*Conclusion@#The consistency for gender and regional distribution of both assessments points out the need for effective policy initiatives. The study suggests separate analyses of industry and occupations for a better understanding of the OHS setups and up-gradation in Pakistan.

Effect of Sprue Design in Nickel-Chromium Cast Crown Margin

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effect of sprue design on the marginal accuracy of the casting. Material and Methods: It was an experimental in-vitro study. There are forty-four crowns of single sprue group with a forty-four double sprue group that was compared in 6 different locations of the margin. The sections were inspected under a microscope at 50X magnification and took a micrograph. The radius from an actual casting edge to a possibly excellent margin was then documented as marginal discrepancy (d), in µm. The marginal discrepancy was documented for each of the six sections per casting. Thus 264 sections were measured for each group. Data were analysed using (ANOVA) for analysis of variance. For bivariate analyses, Chi-square and Student t test were used. The significance level was set at < 0.05. Results: The marginal discrepancy was greater in the single sprue group of cast crown (43.1 ± 4.74 µm) and in double sprue group of cast crown was less (25.7 ± 4.25 µm). This difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). The correlation between single sprue group of casting with a double sprue group of casting by student's t-test where determination height was 95%. Conclusion: Double sprue design produces a higher accurate margin than single sprue design in the nickel-chromium alloy cast crown.

Aspiration Cytology for Thyroid Lump in Remote Areas of Sindh

Background: Scandinavian countries were the first to use fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a diagnostic tool in the 1930. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a diagnostic approach, which helps the clinicians in diagnosis of the various lesions. Most common sites which can be targeted include breast lumps, lymph nodes, thyroid masses and other palpable swellings. The most common lesion encountered isthyroid nodule. In current cross sectional study we tried to find frequency of different thyroid lesions by fine needle aspiration cytology in different rural areas of Sindh.Methodology and Results: 158 samples were recruited from the Vital Laboratory Larkana with different pathological midline neck (thyroid) swelling during 2014 and 2015 by non-probability consecutive sampling. 125 (79.1%) were females and 33 (20.9%) were males with a ratio of 4:1. Majority of case were of 20-39 years of age (52.5%). Most of the cases were diagnosed with nodular goiter (88.6%) followed by colloid goiter (4.4%). In present study we failed to find any association of diagnosis with gender (p =0.211) and age (p =0.553).Conclusion: So in this study we concluded that large number of thyroid lesions present with nodular goiter at the age of 20-39 years. The frequency is increased for these lesions due to different risk factors.

Mikania cordata leaves extract promotes activity against pathogenic bacteria and anticancer activity in EAC cell-bearing swiss albino mice

This study was aimed to screen the activity of the methanolic extract of Mikania cordata leaves (MLME) againstpathogenic bacteria and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-induced cancer in mice. Antibacterial activity was testedagainst some Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis IFO 3026 and Sarcina lutea IFO 3232) and Gram-negative (Klebsiellapneumoniae ATTC 10031, Proteus vulgaris MTTC 321, Pseudomonas denitrificans KACC 32026, and Xanthomonascampestris IAM 1671) bacteria by disk diffusion and liquid microdilution assay. The anticancer activity wasassessed by EAC cell death, apoptosis, hematological parameters determination, and 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide test. The MLME exhibited prominent antibacterial activity against the test strains.The minimum inhibitory concentrations were ranged from 1.25 to 20 mg/ml for the bacterial strains that were foundampicillin resistant. The MLME exhibited remarkable anticancer activity on EAC in a dose-dependent manner. Oralintake of MLME at the dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight (b.w) exhibited the highest EAC cell death with remarkableapoptotic features including chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and accumulation of apoptotic bodies.The MLME-treated EAC-bearing mice showed dose-dependently restored altered hematological parameters towardthe normal level. The IC50 value was 6.6 ± 1.91 µg/ml. These findings suggest that the M. cordata leaves have strongantibacterial and anticancer properties.

Pseudo hypoaldosteronism type 1B due to novel deletion mutation in SCNN1A gene

Pseudo hypoaldosteronism type 1B (PHA1B) is a systemic form of salt wasting. Children present after the first week of life with typical symptoms of an adrenal crisis. PHA1B is caused by autosomal recessive homozygous mutations in genes encoding epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) subunits ?, ? and ?. ENaC are widespread and present in renal tubules, airways, colon, sweat and salivary glands. Electrolyte imbalance is significant with severe hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. In early life until approximately one year of age electrolytes remain unstable despite active management but then gradually improve. The mainstay of treatment is high dose salt replacement, sodium bicarbonate and sodium polystyrene therapy. The adequate treatment and monitoring can result in normal physical and psychomotor development. We present a case of PHA1B with severe intractable electrolyte imbalances in neonatal period. The genetic sequence revealed a novel homozygous deletion mutation in exon 4 of the SCNN1A gene (c.942delC, p.N315Tfs*16).

Determination of Factors Associated with Critical Weight Loss in Oral Cavity Carcinoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract Introduction Critical weight loss is defined as an unintentional weight loss of ≥ 5% at 1 month or ≥ 10% at 6 months from the start of treatment. Critical weight loss leads to deterioration of the immune function and reduced tolerance to treatment (surgery ± radiochemotherapy) as well as increased complication rates. Objective Critical weight loss, defined as a weight loss of ≥ 5% after 1 month or ≥ 10% after 6 months from the start of treatment, is not uncommon in head and neck cancer patients. We aimed to assess the factors associated with critical weight loss during the treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Aga Khan University Hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan, on 125 patients. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy were considered exposed, and the outcome was critical weight loss. Results The mean age of presentation was 46.9 ± 12.8 years in patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant therapy, with 119 (79.3%) of them being male and 31 (20.7%) female. One hundred and twelve patients (81.3%) developed critical weight loss at 6 months from the start of treatment, and the only significant variable associated with critical weight loss was the stage of the disease (p= 0.03). Conclusion A large proportion of patients with oral cancer developed critical weight loss requiring a need for intervention. The overall stage of the disease is a significant predictor of critical weight loss in patients undergoing treatment.

Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC-FLD method for determination of 5-[[4-chlorophenoxy] methyl]-1, 3, 4- oxadiazole-2-thiol; A novel drug candidate

The present study describes the development and validation of a simple high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a novel drug candidate, 5-[[4-chlorophenoxy] methyl]-1, 3, 4- oxadiazole-2-thiol. The stability-indicating capacity of the method was evaluated by subjecting the compound's solution to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic, transition metal- and thermal- stress. The chromatographic separation was achieved over a C18 column [Promosil, 5 microm, 4.60 × 250 mm], maintained at 25°C, using an isocratic mobile phase comprising a mixture of acetonitrile and acidified water of pH 2.67 [1:1, v/v], at a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min and detection using a fluorescent light detector [excitation at 250 nm and emission at 410 nm]. The Beer's law was followed over the concentration range 2.50-50.00 microg/mL. The recovery [98.56-100.19%, SD <5%], intraday accuracy and precision [97.31-100.81%, RSD<5%] and intermediate accuracy and precision [98.10-99.91%, RSD<5%] indicated that the method was reliable, repeatable, reproducible and rugged. The resolution and selectivity factors of the compound's peak from the nearest resolving peak, particularly in case of dry heat and copper metal stress, were found to be greater than 2 and 1, respectively, which indicated specificity and selectivity. The compound was extensively decomposed in alkaline-hydrolytic, oxidative, metal- and dry heat- stress. However, the compound in acidic and neutral conditions was resistant to photolysis. The results of the present study indicate that the developed method is specific, selective, sensitive and suitable, hence, may be used for quality control, stability testing and preformulation studies

Stress, anxiety and depression in students of a private medical school in Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: To determine frequency of stress, anxiety and depression and their coping mechanisms in undergraduate students of a private sector university

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Aga Khan University recruiting students from Medical School, School of Nursing and Midwifery, and Dental Hygiene program who had attended at least six months on campus from October 2016 until August 2017. The "Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale" and "Student-Life Stress Inventory" scales were used to assess depression and anxiety, and stressors

Results: A total of 283 students participated in this study and all of them scored higher than the cutoff on both scales labeling them as highly stressed. Students from dental hygiene program reported more stressors as compared to MBBS [p<0.001] and SONAM [p=0.002]. Factors identified as stressors included pressure to pass exam, meeting family's expectations of good academic performance, and missing home

Conclusion: Stress, anxiety and depression are found to be highly prevalent among undergraduate students in medical setting in Karachi. Awareness, recognition, and timely management may reduce stress among the students and improve their performance and quality of life

Spectrum of acute leukemias and aberrant markers expression based on flowcytometry in a tertiary care centre

Objective: To determine frequency of different types of leukemias and aberrant CD markers expression on these types. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi from Jul 2015 to Dec 2015

Material and Methods: All peripheral blood and bone marrow samples to confirm the suspicion of acute leukemia with flow cytometric immunephenoltyping were included in the study. Cells were stained with lineage specific monoclonal antibodies against cell specific CD markers through lyse wash procedure. Cell acquisition and analysis was done on Cell Quest software in multi parameter flow cytometer. Data was entered in SPSS v 20.0 to determine the frequencies of different types of leukemias and aberrant CD markers expression

Results: Over 6 months, 102 males and 49 females were tested with mean age 26 +/- 21 years. Commonest leukemia was AML M2. Among 69 pediatric cases with mean age 7.4 +/- 5.8 years, precursor B ALL was commonest. Among 82 adults with mean age 41.5 +/- 15.7 years, AML M2 was commonest leukemia. Total 32 cases [18 children and 12 adults] expressed cross lineage aberrant markers, CD13, CD33 and CD7

Conclusion: Aberrant CD markers expression must be kept in mind during lineage assignment of acute leukemias while performing flow cytometric immunophenotyping

Comparison of clinical efficacy of combined versus monotherapy of oral zinc and probiotic in pediatric acute diarrhoea at benazir bhutto shaheed teaching hospital, abbottabad

Objective: Evaluation of effectiveness of zinc/ probiotics alone and in combination in children with acute diarrhoea

Place of Study: The study was conducted from May-Dec 2017 at Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Teaching Hospital Abbottabad

Methodology: Single centered, randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 150 children of either sex [6 months -10 years] with acute diarrhoea having stool frequency of > 5semi liquid stools per day. Patients were divided into three groups with fifty children in each group on the basis of treatment modality given. Group A received zinc orally [1-2mg/kg/day for five days along ORS and/or IV fluids if required], Group B patients were given one to two sachets of probiotics /day [saccharomyces boulardii] according to age for five days + ORS and /or IV fluid while Group C was administered combination of zinc and probiotics for five days along with ORS and /or IV fluids. Response to treatment was determined on the basis of decrease in frequency of stools i.e. <3 formed stools /day after 72 hours of commencement of treatment. We have also studied the relationship between hygiene and food intake practices with the occurrence of diarrhoea in children

Results: Acute diarrhoea was found to be more prevalent in children with poor hygiene practices and using unboiled water. Among the treatment groups, at the end of 3rd day total of forty eight [96%] patients in group C had improved consistency of stools as well as decrease in diarrhoea frequency to less than three formed stools per day while in groups A and B thirty nine [78%] and sixteen [32%] patients respectively showed response to treatment in 72 hours

Conclusion: Combination of zinc + probiotics therapy is more effective in children with acute diarrhoea than either alone. Among the zinc and probiotics therapy, zinc is superior in terms of clinical efficacy than probiotics alone

Relationship of Coronary Artery disease with Carotid Artery Stenosis as assessed by Carotid Doppler Ultrasound

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a systemic disorder that often involves multiple arterial beds such as carotid, coronary and peripheral arteries. The progressive simultaneous increase in the degree of carotid artery stenosis [CAS] with CAD [Coronary Artery Disease] has raised the valid speculations of a same mechanism of stenosis in both the arterial fields

Objective: The objective of this study was to correlate CAS severity with CAD severity by comparing Ultrasound measurements of CAS in study group subjects with evidence of significant CAD on coronary angiography and control group subjects with normal coronaries or non-significant CAD coronary angiography

Methodology: This case control study was conducted at Cardiology Department/Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan from 1/2/2016 to 30/7/2016. In this study the Non Probability consecutive sampling technique was used. The Sample size was 86 with 43 case and 43 control population

Results: The average age of the patients was 53.45+/-10.16 years. The female to male ratio was 1:1.9. In this study 46 percent had normal carotid arteries with no evidence of atherosclerotic plaque. Clinically significant Carotid artery stenosis [>50 percent] was found in 0 percent of patients with normal coronaries and in 4.3 percent of patients with non-significant CAD. Similarly, clinically significant CAS was found in 10 percent, 20 percent, 50 percent, and 45.5 percent of patients with 1 VD, 2 VD, 3 VD and LMD, respectively. In this study there was the positive correlation between the CAS and CAD severity while comparing cases and control groups

Conclusion: The principle result of this study is that the degree of carotid artery disease is positively correlated to the severity of CAD

Phenotypic identification of Penicillium spp. isolated from clinical wastes based on microstructure characteristics

@#Aims: The present study aimed to recognize the microstructure of conidiophores and spores of Penicilliumspp. which were isolated from clinical wastes. Methodology and results:The isolates of Penicilliumspp. were obtained from the solid clinical wastes on V8A medium and purified by single spore method. The culture characteristics were described in five culture media included; Czapek Yeast Extract Agar(CYA); Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Czapek-Dox Agar(CZ) while the conidiophores and spores were described using light and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM).Penicilliumspp. observedsome differences in their culture characteristics. Among 11 Penicilliumspecies isolated in this study and identified based on culture and microscope morphology. Five species including P. simplicissium,P. waksmanii,P. corylophilum andP. decumbensas well as one species identified as T. wortmanniiwere described in detailusing SEM. Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The study revealed that the microstructure of the fungal spores and conidiophores play an important role in the taxonomy of fungi species based on the phenotypic method.

Reducing the donor site morbidity in radial forearm free flaps by utilizing a narrow radial forearm free flap

BACKGROUND: The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has remained a leading choice of many plastic surgeons as a fasciocutaneous flap due to its versatility, pedicle length, and simple elevation technique. However, donor site morbidity has led many reconstructive surgeons to limit their use of the RFFF and to use other flaps instead. We propose that using a narrow RFFF (nRFFF) decreases the aesthetic and functional morbidity of the donor site. METHODS: We report our experiences with the nRFFF from April 2012 through May 2015 at the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi. The donor defects were closed primarily. The Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale and comparison with the contralateral hand were used to assess aesthetic and functional outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients underwent nRFFF procedures during the study period. The donor arm showed excellent motor function in 22 cases (91.7%), and very good function in the remaining two cases (8.3%). The aesthetic outcomes were excellent in four patients (16.6%), very good in eight patients (33.3%), good in 10 patients (41.6%), and fair in two patients (8.3%) who developed a hypertrophic scar. All flaps were successful and there were no cases of partial or complete loss. CONCLUSIONS: For small to medium-sized soft tissue defects, the nRFFF had acceptable outcomes due to its thinness, pliability, and major reduction in donor site aesthetic and functional morbidity.

Harnessing Natural Colorants for Sustainable Textile Dyeing an Eco-Friendly Approach Using Sweet Cane (Saccharum Bengalense Retz.) Inflorescence

ABSTRACT The excessive industrial use of dye producing plants has threatened the existence of these species and biodiversity. Exploration of abundantly available natural dye sources not only provide industrial benefits but also share the load of dye yielding plants. In the present study we used the inflorescence of munj sweet cane (Saccharum bengalense Retz.) to extract natural colorant for textile industry. This easily available plant is cheap source of natural colorants and good alternative of synthetic dyes. The munj sweet cane inflorescence extract and fabric was treated with microwave radiations. The dyeing aspects like temperature, time, fabrics to extract ratio, salt type and salt concentrations were optimized. Pre-and post mordanting was carried out and optimized using copper, iron, moringa and turmeric. All the samples were analyzed by spectra flash D65 10 Deg to determine the color strength (%) value. Results proved inflorescence extract of munj sweet cane (RS, two minutes) using aqueous media as a good source of natural dye. Three grams of sodium chloride as exhaustion agent was observed to be the best while 70 0C temperatures gave best colour strength. Among chemical mordants, iron proved to be good one for producing varying shades and better colour strength. Bio mordanting with turmeric was proved to be more beneficial for getting best color strength and new shades.

Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Quality of Different Brands of Ranitidine Tablets Manufactured in Bangladesh: A Pharmaceutical and Public Health Prospective.

Drug counterfeiting and production of substandard drug is a global problem. Substandard or counterfeit drugs are threat for the effective treatment of diseases and highly worsen the quality of life of patients. This study was aimed to assess the pharmaceutical quality of ranitidine hydrochloride tablets manufactured in Bangladesh. Tablets were collected from different parts of Bangladesh and quality parameters were evaluated according to the United States Pharmacopoeia and the British Pharmacopoeial methods. The potency of tablets was measured spectrophotometrically. Weight variation and disintegration time were performed according to pharmaceutical monographs. Among 43 brands tested, 8 failed to comply with the USP specification (active ingredient: 90±10%) due to containing of less amount of ranitidine of which 6 brands were spurious and 2 were substandard in nature. Two brands did not comply with the specification for weight variation of tablets whereas all brands passed disintegration time test. The findings clearly demonstrate the production of substandard ranitidine tablets in Bangladesh. The drug control authority of Bangladesh should take effective steps to prevent the production of substandard drugs to secure public health.

Effect of half adult dose of oral Rifampicin [300mg] in patients with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of half adult dose of oral Rifampicin on mean change in best corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy

Methods:Thirty-eight eyes of 31 patients with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy [CSCR] were registered. Unaided Visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity was documented and detailed slit lamp examination along with dilated ophthalmoscopy was performed. All subjects were treated with oral Rifampicin 300 mg [half adult dose] daily for 03 months. Patients underwent a complete ocular and systemic examination as well as central macular thickness [CMT] measurement by optical coherence tomography [OCT] every month after starting treatment until four months. Fundus fluorescein angiography [FFA] was performed in recurrent cases. Liver function tests were carried out prior to the treatment and during follow up period

Results:A total of 38 eyes of 31 patients [24 males, 07 females] were included in the study. Mean age of patients was 36.16+/-3.19 years [range 30-44]. Mean best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] before treatment was 0.56+/-0.11 and improved to 0.47+/-0.14 at 04 weeks [P<0.001] of treatment. The mean CMT at the time of presentation was 494.39+/-96.29 um and was decreased to 306.90+/-50.71 um after 04 weeks of treatment [P<0.001]. The mean induced reduction in CMT was 187.48+/-122 um [P<0.001] while that in BCVA 0.41+/-0.16 at 04 weeks of treatment [P<0.001]. Liver function tests were within normal range before and after the treatment

Conclusion:Half adult dose rifampicin [300mg] is effective and safe in treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy without causing any systemic imbalance